Ruling Engines, Diffraction Gratings and Wavelength Measurements before the Rowland Era.

Diffraction gratings have contributed enormously to modern science. Although some historians have written about them, there is much more to be brought to light. This paper discusses their development and use in the period up to about 1880 before Rowland began to produce them. Rittenhouse described t...

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Publicado en:Annals of Science Vol. 72; no. 1; pp. 28 - 75
Autor principal: Brown, C. N.
Formato: Artículo
Publicado: Taylor & Francis Ltd Jan2015
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Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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        10.1080/00033790.2013.842121
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        atl: Ruling Engines, Diffraction Gratings and Wavelength Measurements before the Rowland Era.
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        au: Brown, C. N.
        affil: Formerly of the Science Museum, London, UK
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        Diffraction gratings
        Optical diffraction
        Rittenhouse, David
        Fraunhofer, Joseph
        Nobert, Friedrich Adolph
        Ångström, A.-J. (Anders Jonas), 1814-1874
        Quincke, Georg Hermann
        History
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        subj:
          Diffraction gratings
          Optical diffraction
          Rittenhouse, David
          Fraunhofer, Joseph
          Nobert, Friedrich Adolph
          Ångström, A.-J. (Anders Jonas), 1814-1874
          Quincke, Georg Hermann
          History
      ab: Diffraction gratings have contributed enormously to modern science. Although some historians have written about them, there is much more to be brought to light. This paper discusses their development and use in the period up to about 1880 before Rowland began to produce them. Rittenhouse described the action of a diffraction grating in 1786, but no explanation was possible until the wave theory of light was developed. Fraunhofer discovered the dark lines in the solar spectrum in 1814, and then investigated diffraction, producing the first ruled gratings, making detailed measurements and calculating the wavelengths of prominent spectral lines. After Bunsen and Kirchhoff showed the association between spectral lines and chemical elements there was an upsurge of interest in measuring wavelengths. The gratings used in this work almost all came from one source, a relatively unknown instrument maker called Nobert, who made them by an extremely laborious process using a machine he had built himself. The most significant wavelength measurements were made by Ångström, but Mascart, Van der Willigen, Stefan, Ditscheiner and Cornu also did important work. Nobert gratings were investigated by Quincke, copied photographically by Rayleigh, and were known and discussed in the USA. Nobert's work helped to advance spectroscopy much more than has been acknowledged.
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