The Greening of Pesticide-Environment Interactions: Some Personal Observations.
Background: Pesticide-environment interactions are bidirectional. The environment alters pesticides by metabolism and photodegradation, and pesticides in turn change the environment through nontarget or secondary effects Objectives: Approximately 900 currently used commercial pesticides of widely di...
| Publicado en: | Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 120; no. 4; pp. 487 - 494 |
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| Autor principal: | |
| Formato: | pictorial review tables/charts Journal Article |
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Apr2012
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| Acceso en línea: | Ver este registro en EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=104555489&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ccm uiTerm: 104555489 longDbName: CINAHL Complete uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: dissinfo: jinfo: jid: 00916765 3B5 jtl: Environmental Health Perspectives issn: 00916765 maglogo: N pubinfo: dt: Apr2012 vid: 120 iid: 4 pid: 56539 pub: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences place: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina artinfo: ui: 104555489 74530555 10.1289/ehp.1104405 NLM22472325 PMC3339468 104555489 ppf: 487 ppct: 7 formats: fmt: @attributes: type: P tig: atl: The Greening of Pesticide-Environment Interactions: Some Personal Observations. aug: au: Casida, John E. affil: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 114 Wellman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA.; Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA sug: subj: Pesticides Environment Conservation of Natural Resources Conservation of Natural Resources History Pesticides History Pesticides Metabolism Pesticides Pharmacodynamics Chemistry Insecticides Plants Biochemistry Environmental Exposure Fish ab: Background: Pesticide-environment interactions are bidirectional. The environment alters pesticides by metabolism and photodegradation, and pesticides in turn change the environment through nontarget or secondary effects Objectives: Approximately 900 currently used commercial pesticides of widely diverse structures act by nearly a hundred mechanisms to control insects, weeds, and fungi, usually with minimal disruption of nature's equilibrium. Here I consider some aspects of the discovery, development, and use of ecofriendly or green pesticides (i.e., pesticides that are safe, effective, and biodegradable with minimal adverse secondary effects on the environment). Emphasis is given to research in my laboratory. Discussion: The need for understanding and improving pesticide-environment interactions began with production of the first major insecticide approximately 150 years ago: The arsenical poison Paris Green was green in color but definitely not ecofriendly. Development and use of other pesticides has led to a variety of problems. Topics considered here include the need for high purity [e.g., hexachlorocyclohexane and polychloroborane isomers and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)], environmental degradation and the bioactivity of resulting photoproducts and metabolites, pesticide photochemistry (including the use of structural optimization, photostabilizers, and photosensitizers to achieve suitable persistence), the presence of multiple active ingredients in botanical insecticides, the need to consider compounds with common mechanisms of action, issues related to primary and secondary targets, and chemically induced or genetically modified changes in plant biochemistry. Many insecticides are bird, fish, and honeybee toxicants, whereas herbicides and fungicides pose fewer environmental problems. Conclusion: Six factors have contributed to the greening of pesticide-environment interactions: advances in pesticide chemistry and toxicology, banning of many chlorinated hydrocarbons, the development of new biochemical targets, increased reliance on genetically modified crops that reduce the amount and variety of pesticides applied, emphasis on biodegradability and environmental protection, and integrated pest- and pesticide-management systems. pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: pictorial review tables/charts Journal Article ougenre: Article language: English refInfo: holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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