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Brief report. Effects of distraction on children's pain and distress during medical procedures: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: It is difficult to determine the usefulness of distraction to decrease children's distress behavior and pain during medical procedures because many studies use very small samples and report inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mean effect sizes across studies for the eff...

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Published in:Nursing Research Vol. 48; no. 1; pp. 44 - 50
Main Authors: Kleiber C, Harper DC
Format: equations & formulas research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1999 Jan-Feb
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: 1999 Jan-Feb
      vid: 48
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      pub: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
      place: Baltimore, Maryland
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        107175061
        107175061
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        10.1097/00006199-199901000-00007
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        107175061
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      tig:
        atl: Brief report. Effects of distraction on children's pain and distress during medical procedures: a meta-analysis.
      aug:
        au:
          Kleiber C
          Harper DC
      sug:
        subj:
          Distraction In Infancy and Childhood
          Treatment Related Pain Prevention and Control
          Funding Source
          Meta Analysis
          Descriptive Statistics
          Reference Databases, Health
          Measurement Error
          Pain Measurement In Infancy and Childhood
          Sampling Methods
          Child, Preschool
          Child
          Adolescence
          Human
          Child, Preschool: 2-5 years
          Child: 6-12 years
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
      ab: BACKGROUND: It is difficult to determine the usefulness of distraction to decrease children's distress behavior and pain during medical procedures because many studies use very small samples and report inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mean effect sizes across studies for the effects of distraction on young children's distress behavior and self-reported pain during medical procedures. METHOD: Hunter and Schmidt's (1990) procedures were used to analyze 16 studies (total n = 491) on children's distress behavior and 10 studies (total n = 535) on children's pain. RESULTS: For distress behavior, the mean effect size was 0.33 (+/-0.17), with 74% of the variance accounted for by sampling and measurement error. For pain, the mean effect size was 0.62 (+/-0.42) with 35% of the variance accounted for. Analysis of studies on pain that limited the sample to children 7 years of age or younger (total n = 286) increased the amount of explained variance to 60%. CONCLUSIONS: Distraction had a positive effect on children's distress behavior across the populations represented in this study. The effect of distraction on children's self-reported pain is influenced by moderator variables. Controlling for age and type of painful procedure significantly increased the amount of explained variance, but there are other unidentified moderators at work.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        equations & formulas
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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