STEPS TOWARDS ANTI-PHYSICALISM.

Ontological physicalism is the thesis that all existing entities - individuals, properties, events, states of affairs - are wholly physical. This doctrine is said to receive a very strong support form contemporary science. In particular, physicalists have customarily been convinced that scientific t...

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Published in:Problems / Problemos Vol. 89; pp. 7 - 21
Main Author: Grygianiec, Mariusz
Format: Article
Published: Vilnius University 2016
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: 2016
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        atl: STEPS TOWARDS ANTI-PHYSICALISM.
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        au: Grygianiec, Mariusz
        affil: Institut für Philosophie, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 10,86135 Augsburg, Germany
      su:
        Logical positivism
        Cognitive science
        Neurosciences
        Philosophers
        Dualism
      sug:
        subj:
          Logical positivism
          Cognitive science
          Neurosciences
          Philosophers
          Dualism
      keyword:
        causal closure
        dualism
        dualizmas
        fizikalizmas
        fizinis
        kauzalinis uždarumas
        neperteklinis apibrėžtumas
        overdetermination
        physical
        physicalism
        dualizmas
        fizikalizmas
        fizinis
        kauzalinis uždarumas
        neperteklinis apibrėžtumas
      ab:
        Ontological physicalism is the thesis that all existing entities - individuals, properties, events, states of affairs - are wholly physical. This doctrine is said to receive a very strong support form contemporary science. In particular, physicalists have customarily been convinced that scientific theories, taken in general, somehow directly imply their metaphysical doctrine. What is more, they have tended to say that other elements of their philosophical approach, such as the causal closure principle or the no-overdetermination rule are also consequences of scientific theories. In my text, I present some arguments in favour of antiphysicalist position, according to which ontological physicalism is not true and its justification does not look as promising as physicalists are usually prepared to think. In particular, I argue, contrary to a widespread opinion, that the principle of causal closure is not true and cannot be used in any anti-dualistic argumentation. I also voice some scepticism with regard to the law of the conservation of energy and the no-overdetermination rule as an element of physicalist argumentative strategies. Then, as an illustration of an anti-physicalist methodology, I describe methodological dualism - a typical methodological approach universally accepted within cognitive sciences, neuroscience, and psychology. At the end of the paper I briefly and schematically present five model arguments against physicalism. The general aim of the paper is to show that physicalism, although it has enjoyed a great popularity among contemporary philosophers and can still boast of scientific support, has in fact to grapple with many theoretical difficulties, which however are constantly ignored by physicalists. Although I do not present any positive argument for dualism as such, my attempts can nevertheless be interpreted as an indirect argumentation in favour of every position that is opposed to physicalism.
        Ontologinis fizikalizmas yra tezė, kad visi egzistuojantys objektai - individai, savybės, įvykiai, būsenos - yra tik fiziniai esiniai. Dažnai teigiama, jog šią doktriną labai stipriai remia šiuolaikinis mokslas. Fizikalistai, be kita ko, dažniausiai įsitikinę, kad jų metafizinę doktriną logiškai tiesiogiai galima išvesti iš pačių mokslinių teorijų. Negana to, jie yra linkę teigti, kad ir kiti jų filosofinio požiūrio elementai, tokie kaip fizinės plotmės priežastinio uždarumo principas ar neperteklinio priežastinio sąlygojimo taisyklė (the no-overdetermination rule), taip pat tiesiogiai išplaukia iš mokslinių teorijų. Savo tekste pateikiu kai kuriuos argumentus už antifizikalizmą, pagal kurį ontologinis fizikalizmas yra neteisingas, o jo pagrindimas atrodo ne toks optimistiškas, kaip fizikalistai yra įpratę manyti. Mano argumentai kvestionuoja labai paplitusią nuomonę apie fizinės srities kauzalinio uždarumo principo teisingumą ir negalimybę jo panaudoti bet kurioje antidualistinėje argumentacijoje. Taip pat išreiškiu tam tikrą skepticizmą dėl energijos tvermės ir virsmo dėsnio bei neperteklinio priežastinio sąlygojimo taisyklės kaip fizikalistų argumentavimo strategijų priemonių. Paskui kaip antifizikalinės metodologijos iliustraciją apibūdinu metodologinį dualizmą -- tipišką metodologinį požiūrį, visuotinai priimtą kognityvinių mokslų, neuromokslų ir psichologijos. Pabaigoje trumpai ir schemiškai pristatau penkis pavyzdinius argumentus prieš fizikalizmą. Bendrasis šio teksto tikslas -- parodyti, kad fizikalizmas, nors ir didžiai populiarus tarp šiuolaikinių filosofų ir vis dar gali girtis moksliniu palaikymu, iš tikrųjų turi grumtis su daugeliu teorinių keblumų, kuriuos fizikalistai ilgainiui įpratę ignoruoti. Nors aš nepristatau jokio pozityvaus argumento už patį dualizmą, mano pastangos vis dėlto gali būti interpretuojamos kaip netiesioginė argumentacija už kiekvieną pažiūrą, kuri oponuoja fizikalizmui.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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