The National and International in Making a Feminist: the case of Alexandra Gripenberg.

This article analyzes the interdependence of the national and international in Alexandra Gripenberg's (1859–1913) feminist activism in her native country Finland, as well as in her international work, particularly within the International Council of Women, and in doing so contributes to the research...

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Published in:Women's History Review Vol. 25; no. 4; pp. 652 - 671
Main Author: Kinnunen, Tiina
Format: Article
Published: Taylor & Francis Ltd Aug2016
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Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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        atl: The National and International in Making a Feminist: the case of Alexandra Gripenberg.
      aug:
        au: Kinnunen, Tiina
        affil: Department of History, University of Oulu, Finland
      su:
        Gripenberg, Alexandra
        Feminism
        Activism
        Women in politics
        International Council of Women
        Feminism & politics
        Women's suffrage
      sug:
        subj:
          Gripenberg, Alexandra
          Feminism
          Activism
          Women in politics
          International Council of Women
          Feminism & politics
          Women's suffrage
      ab: This article analyzes the interdependence of the national and international in Alexandra Gripenberg's (1859–1913) feminist activism in her native country Finland, as well as in her international work, particularly within the International Council of Women, and in doing so contributes to the research on transfers and networking across borders in the formation of feminist politics. The national and international were seen by Gripenberg as inseparable and both aspects were particularly intertwined in her work to encourage the establishment of national councils of the ICW in various countries. The analysis discloses how the negotiation between the national and transnational was intersected and complicated by class-related politics, exemplified by Gripenberg's ambivalence towards the introduction of universal suffrage in 1906 Finland. The article also sheds light on the difficulties in creating a shared sisterhood across borders and how nation was used as a criterion in classifying more and less advanced nations in terms of gender equality. Influenced by the prevalent manner many Western European and US feminists had of viewing themselves as superior, Gripenberg defined Protestant, Anglo-American and Scandinavian countries as models for other nations. Finally the article addresses how Gripenberg responded to occasions when her national and international loyalties conflicted and shows the importance of internationalism in coping with the distress on home ground. International feminist sisterhood offered an opportunity to enjoy life with social equals.
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    language: English
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