Experts' memory superiority for domain-specific random material generalizes across fields of expertise: A meta-analysis.
Experts' remarkable ability to recall meaningful domain-specific material is a classic result in cognitive psychology. Influential explanations for this ability have focused on the acquisition of high-level structures (e.g., schemata) or experts' capability to process information holistically. Howev...
| Publicado en: | Memory & Cognition Vol. 45; no. 2; pp. 183 - 194 |
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| Autores principales: | , |
| Formato: | Artículo |
| Publicado: |
Springer Nature
Feb2017
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Ver este registro en EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ssf&AN=121413078&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ssf uiTerm: 121413078 longDbName: Social Sciences Full Text (H.W. Wilson) uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: jinfo: jid: 0090502X MEG jtl: Memory & Cognition issn: 0090502X maglogo: N pubinfo: dt: Feb2017 vid: 45 iid: 2 pid: 237 pub: Springer Nature artinfo: ui: 121413078 10.3758/s13421-016-0663-2 ppf: 183 ppct: 11 formats: fmt: @attributes: type: P size: 715KB tig: atl: Experts' memory superiority for domain-specific random material generalizes across fields of expertise: A meta-analysis. aug: au: Sala, Giovanni Gobet, Fernand affil: Department of Psychological Sciences, Bedford Street South , University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZA UK su: Memory Job performance Meta-analysis Thought & thinking Systematic reviews National competency-based educational tests sug: subj: Memory Job performance Meta-analysis Thought & thinking Systematic reviews National competency-based educational tests keyword: Expertise Random Recall Expertise Random Recall ab: Experts' remarkable ability to recall meaningful domain-specific material is a classic result in cognitive psychology. Influential explanations for this ability have focused on the acquisition of high-level structures (e.g., schemata) or experts' capability to process information holistically. However, research on chess players suggests that experts maintain some reliable memory advantage over novices when random stimuli (e.g., shuffled chess positions) are presented. This skill effect cannot be explained by theories emphasizing high-level memory structures or holistic processing of stimuli, because random material does not contain large structures nor wholes. By contrast, theories hypothesizing the presence of small memory structures-such as chunks-predict this outcome, because some chunks still occur by chance in the stimuli, even after randomization. The current meta-analysis assessed the correlation between level of expertise and recall of random material in diverse domains. The overall correlation was moderate but statistically significant ( $$ \overline{r} = .41,p < .001 $$ ), and the effect was observed in nearly every study. This outcome suggests that experts partly base their superiority on a vaster amount of small memory structures, in addition to high-level structures or holistic processing. pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: Article src: R language: English refInfo: copyright: @attributes: flag: N holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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