The Smartphone and the Driver's Cognitive Workload: A Comparison of Apple, Google, and Microsoft's Intelligent Personal Assistants.
The goal of this research was to examine the impact of voice-based interactions using 3 different intelligent personal assistants (Apple's Siri, Google's Google Now for Android phones, and Microsoft's Cortana) on the cognitive workload of the driver. In 2 experiments using an instrumented vehicle on...
| Published in: | Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale Vol. 71; no. 2; pp. 93 - 111 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
Canadian Psychological Association
Jun2017
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | View this record in EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ssf&AN=123429153&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ssf uiTerm: 123429153 longDbName: Social Sciences Full Text (H.W. Wilson) uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: jinfo: jid: 11961961 CJX jtl: Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale issn: 11961961 maglogo: N pubinfo: dt: Jun2017 vid: 71 iid: 2 pid: 98 pub: Canadian Psychological Association artinfo: ui: 123429153 10.1037/cep0000104 ppf: 93 ppct: 18 formats: fmt: @attributes: type: P size: 4.5MB tig: atl: The Smartphone and the Driver's Cognitive Workload: A Comparison of Apple, Google, and Microsoft's Intelligent Personal Assistants. aug: au: Strayer, David L. Cooper, Joel M. Turrill, Jonna Coleman, James R. Hopman, Rachel J. affil: University of Utah su: Artificial intelligence Cognition Technology Task performance Automobile driving Experimental design User interfaces Video recording Human voice Distracted driving Smartphones sug: subj: Artificial intelligence Cognition Technology Task performance Automobile driving Experimental design User interfaces Video recording Human voice Distracted driving Smartphones keyword: cognitive distraction cognitive workload divided attention driving multitasking attention divisée charge de travail cognitive conduite distraction cognitive multitâches cognitive distraction cognitive workload divided attention driving multitasking attention divisée charge de travail cognitive conduite distraction cognitive multitâches ab: The goal of this research was to examine the impact of voice-based interactions using 3 different intelligent personal assistants (Apple's Siri, Google's Google Now for Android phones, and Microsoft's Cortana) on the cognitive workload of the driver. In 2 experiments using an instrumented vehicle on suburban roadways, we measured the cognitive workload of drivers when they used the voice-based features of each smartphone to place a call, select music, or send text messages. Cognitive workload was derived from primary task performance through video analysis, secondary-task performance using the Detection Response Task (DRT), and subjective mental workload. We found that workload was significantly higher than that measured in the single-task drive. There were also systematic differences between the smartphones: The Google system placed lower cognitive demands on the driver than the Apple and Microsoft systems, which did not differ. Video analysis revealed that the difference in mental workload between the smartphones was associated with the number of system errors, the time to complete an action, and the complexity and intuitiveness of the devices. Finally, surprisingly high levels of cognitive workload were observed when drivers were interacting with the devices: "on-task" workload measures did not systematically differ from that associated with a mentally demanding Operation Span (OSPAN) task. The analysis also found residual costs associated using each of the smartphones that took a significant time to dissipate. The data suggest that caution is warranted in the use of smartphone voice-based technology in the vehicle because of the high levels of cognitive workload associated with these interactions. pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: Article src: R language: English refInfo: copyright: @attributes: flag: N holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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