Machine learning in medicine: a practical introduction.
Background: Following visible successes on a wide range of predictive tasks, machine learning techniques are attracting substantial interest from medical researchers and clinicians. We address the need for capacity development in this area by providing a conceptual introduction to machine learning a...
| Publicado en: | BMC Medical Research Methodology Vol. 19; no. 1 |
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| Autores principales: | , |
| Formato: | research Journal Article |
| Publicado: |
BioMed Central
3/19/2019
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| Acceso en línea: | Ver este registro en EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=135430852&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ccm uiTerm: 135430852 longDbName: CINAHL Complete uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: dissinfo: jinfo: jid: 14712288 1CI1 jtl: BMC Medical Research Methodology issn: 14712288 maglogo: N pubinfo: dt: 3/19/2019 vid: 19 iid: 1 pid: 24147 pub: BioMed Central artinfo: ui: 135430852 135430852 NLM30890124 135430852 10.1186/s12874-019-0681-4 NLM30890124 135430852 ppct: 1 formats: tig: atl: Machine learning in medicine: a practical introduction. aug: au: Sidey-Gibbons, Jenni A. M. Sidey-Gibbons, Chris J. affil: Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ, Cambridge, UK sug: subj: Algorithms Diagnosis, Computer Assisted Methods Breast Neoplasms Diagnosis Female Human Sensitivity and Specificity Software Validation Studies Comparative Studies Evaluation Research Multicenter Studies Female ab: Background: Following visible successes on a wide range of predictive tasks, machine learning techniques are attracting substantial interest from medical researchers and clinicians. We address the need for capacity development in this area by providing a conceptual introduction to machine learning alongside a practical guide to developing and evaluating predictive algorithms using freely-available open source software and public domain data.Methods: We demonstrate the use of machine learning techniques by developing three predictive models for cancer diagnosis using descriptions of nuclei sampled from breast masses. These algorithms include regularized General Linear Model regression (GLMs), Support Vector Machines (SVMs) with a radial basis function kernel, and single-layer Artificial Neural Networks. The publicly-available dataset describing the breast mass samples (N=683) was randomly split into evaluation (n=456) and validation (n=227) samples. We trained algorithms on data from the evaluation sample before they were used to predict the diagnostic outcome in the validation dataset. We compared the predictions made on the validation datasets with the real-world diagnostic decisions to calculate the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the three models. We explored the use of averaging and voting ensembles to improve predictive performance. We provide a step-by-step guide to developing algorithms using the open-source R statistical programming environment.Results: The trained algorithms were able to classify cell nuclei with high accuracy (.94 -.96), sensitivity (.97 -.99), and specificity (.85 -.94). Maximum accuracy (.96) and area under the curve (.97) was achieved using the SVM algorithm. Prediction performance increased marginally (accuracy =.97, sensitivity =.99, specificity =.95) when algorithms were arranged into a voting ensemble.Conclusions: We use a straightforward example to demonstrate the theory and practice of machine learning for clinicians and medical researchers. The principals which we demonstrate here can be readily applied to other complex tasks including natural language processing and image recognition. pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: research Journal Article ougenre: Article language: English refInfo: holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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