Beyond Human Perception: Sexual Dimorphism in Hand and Wrist Radiographs Is Discernible by a Deep Learning Model.

Despite the well-established impact of sex and sex hormones on bone structure and density, there has been limited description of sexual dimorphism in the hand and wrist in the literature. We developed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict sex based on hand radiographs of childre...

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Publicado en:Journal of Digital Imaging Vol. 32; no. 4; pp. 665 - 672
Autores principales: Yune, Sehyo, Lee, Hyunkwang, Kim, Myeongchan, Tajmir, Shahein H., Gee, Michael S., Do, Synho
Formato: diagnostic images research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Springer Nature Aug2019
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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        atl: Beyond Human Perception: Sexual Dimorphism in Hand and Wrist Radiographs Is Discernible by a Deep Learning Model.
      aug:
        au:
          Yune, Sehyo
          Lee, Hyunkwang
          Kim, Myeongchan
          Tajmir, Shahein H.
          Gee, Michael S.
          Do, Synho
        affil: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 25 New Chardon Street Suite 400B, 02114, Boston, MA, USA
      sug:
        subj:
          Bone Development Evaluation
          Deep Learning Utilization
          Hand Radiography
          Hand Radiography
          Sex Factors
          Sexual Dimorphism
          Human
          Female
          Male
          Child, Preschool
          Child
          Adolescence
          Young Adult
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Algorithms
          Neural Networks (Computer)
          Radiologists
          Descriptive Statistics
          Confidence Intervals
          Child, Preschool: 2-5 years
          Child: 6-12 years
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Female
          Male
      ab: Despite the well-established impact of sex and sex hormones on bone structure and density, there has been limited description of sexual dimorphism in the hand and wrist in the literature. We developed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model to predict sex based on hand radiographs of children and adults aged between 5 and 70 years. Of the 1531 radiographs tested, the algorithm predicted sex correctly in 95.9% (κ = 0.92) of the cases. Two human radiologists achieved 58% (κ = 0.15) and 46% (κ = − 0.07) accuracy. The class activation maps (CAM) showed that the model mostly focused on the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal base or thumb sesamoid in women, and distal radioulnar joint, distal radial physis and epiphysis, or 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint in men. The radiologists reviewed 70 cases (35 females and 35 males) labeled with sex along with heat maps generated by CAM, but they could not find any patterns that distinguish the two sexes. A small sample of patients (n = 44) with sexual developmental disorders or transgender identity was selected for a preliminary exploration of application of the model. The model prediction agreed with phenotypic sex in only 77.8% (κ = 0.54) of these cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated a machine learning model to perform a task in which human experts could not fulfill.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        diagnostic images
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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