| Sumario: | Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunctions (NSBVDs) are commonly observed in school-age and university students. Due to the similar nature of symptoms, NSBVDs were often misdiagnosed as ADHD in school-age students. Studies related to the association of ADHD symptoms and NSBVDs among university students are limited. This study aimed to find the distribution of ADHD symptoms among university students associated with NSBVDs. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted with 100 university students from different academic departments. In the first phase of the study (conducted by author SAD), a comprehensive eye examination and a detailed binocular vision assessment were performed. In the second phase (conducted by author SS), the screening of ADHD symptoms was carried out with the 18-item ADHD Self-Report Scale-v1.1 (ASRS-v1.1). Both authors were masked concerning the results of either phase to avoid bias. Students with pre-diagnosed learning disability or ADHD were excluded from the study. Results: Out of 100 students, 70% had some form of NSBVD -- convergence insufficiency (30%), accommodative dysfunction (24%), accommodative with vergence dysfunction (13%), and fusional vergence dysfunction (3%). Seventy-one percent of students reported positive ADHD symptoms; most of the students had inattention problems rather than hyperactivity. Fifty-two percent of students were diagnosed with some form of NSBVD and revealed ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: This study shows that over half of the university students with NSBVDs also reported positive ADHD symptoms. Further study is recommended about the comparison of ADHD symptoms before and after the management of NSBVDs. A complete binocular vision evaluation is suggested for university students with ADHD-like behaviors.
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