Current limitations in cyberbullying detection: On evaluation criteria, reproducibility, and data scarcity.

The detection of online cyberbullying has seen an increase in societal importance, popularity in research, and available open data. Nevertheless, while computational power and affordability of resources continue to increase, the access restrictions on high-quality data limit the applicability of sta...

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Published in:Language Resources & Evaluation Vol. 55; no. 3; pp. 597 - 634
Main Authors: Emmery, Chris, Verhoeven, Ben, De Pauw, Guy, Jacobs, Gilles, Van Hee, Cynthia, Lefever, Els, Desmet, Bart, Hoste, Véronique, Daelemans, Walter
Format: Article
Published: Springer Nature Sep2021
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Sep2021
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        10.1007/s10579-020-09509-1
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        atl: Current limitations in cyberbullying detection: On evaluation criteria, reproducibility, and data scarcity.
      aug:
        au:
          Emmery, Chris
          Verhoeven, Ben
          De Pauw, Guy
          Jacobs, Gilles
          Van Hee, Cynthia
          Lefever, Els
          Desmet, Bart
          Hoste, Véronique
          Daelemans, Walter
        affil:
          CSAI, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
          CLiPS, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
          LT3, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
      su:
        Cyberbullying
        Scarcity
        Power resources
        Social dynamics
        Crowdsourcing
        Acquisition of data
      sug:
        subj:
          Cyberbullying
          Scarcity
          Power resources
          Social dynamics
          Crowdsourcing
          Acquisition of data
      keyword:
        Cross-domain evaluation
        Cyberbullying detection
        Data enrichment
        Reproducibility
      ab: The detection of online cyberbullying has seen an increase in societal importance, popularity in research, and available open data. Nevertheless, while computational power and affordability of resources continue to increase, the access restrictions on high-quality data limit the applicability of state-of-the-art techniques. Consequently, much of the recent research uses small, heterogeneous datasets, without a thorough evaluation of applicability. In this paper, we further illustrate these issues, as we (i) evaluate many publicly available resources for this task and demonstrate difficulties with data collection. These predominantly yield small datasets that fail to capture the required complex social dynamics and impede direct comparison of progress. We (ii) conduct an extensive set of experiments that indicate a general lack of cross-domain generalization of classifiers trained on these sources, and openly provide this framework to replicate and extend our evaluation criteria. Finally, we (iii) present an effective crowdsourcing method: simulating real-life bullying scenarios in a lab setting generates plausible data that can be effectively used to enrich real data. This largely circumvents the restrictions on data that can be collected, and increases classifier performance. We believe these contributions can aid in improving the empirical practices of future research in the field.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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      custom: Language Resources & Evaluation is a copyright of Springer, 2021. All Rights Reserved.
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          year: 2021
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