Statistics, Race, and Essentialism in the Debate over Jewish Employment Structure (1905–39).

The second half of the nineteenth century saw the development of statistical studies about Jewish populations written by Jewish authors. Jewish enthusiasm for statistics gave rise to what historians have called Jewish social science or Jewish statistics. This article contributes to scholarship on Je...

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Published in:Jewish Social Studies Vol. 27; no. 1; pp. 185 - 226
Main Author: Vallois, Nicolas
Format: Article
Published: Indiana University Press Winter2022
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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        atl: Statistics, Race, and Essentialism in the Debate over Jewish Employment Structure (1905–39).
      aug:
        au: Vallois, Nicolas
      su:
        Scientific racism
        Jewish authors
        Employment
        Jewish studies
        Statistics
      sug:
        subj:
          Scientific racism
          Jewish authors
          Employment
          Jewish studies
          Statistics
      keyword:
        economics
        essentialism
        Jewish social science
        race
        statistics
      ab: The second half of the nineteenth century saw the development of statistical studies about Jewish populations written by Jewish authors. Jewish enthusiasm for statistics gave rise to what historians have called Jewish social science or Jewish statistics. This article contributes to scholarship on Jewish social science by challenging the assumption in the literature that statistics was inherently essentialist and drew on race science. This case study is based on an analysis of early twentieth-century socioeconomic studies in Jewish statistical periodicals and, in particular, discussions of Jewish employment structure, or how the Jewish workforce was divided between the main economic sectors. Although this body of statistical research does not necessarily represent Jewish social science as a whole, it offers an opportunity to analyze the relationship between essentialism and statistics. I argue that Jewish social science did not favor the typological thinking that was inherent to race theory in the early twentieth century. Instead, most Jewish statisticians rejected the biologically determined concept of race and were much more inclined toward explanations framed in cultural terms. Yet these explanations also conveyed essentialist tropes about the productive capacities of Jewish workers that were consistent with the language and framework of racial thinking.
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