Determinants of grader agreement: an analysis of multiple short answer corpora.

The 'short answer' question format is a widely used tool in educational assessment, in which students write one to three sentences in response to an open question. The answers are subsequently rated by expert graders. The agreement between these graders is crucial for reliable analysis, both in term...

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Publicado en:Language Resources & Evaluation Vol. 56; no. 2; pp. 387 - 417
Autores principales: Padó, Ulrike, Padó, Sebastian
Formato: Artículo
Publicado: Springer Nature Jun2022
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Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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        10.1007/s10579-021-09547-3
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        atl: Determinants of grader agreement: an analysis of multiple short answer corpora.
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        au:
          Padó, Ulrike
          Padó, Sebastian
        affil:
          Hochschule für Technik, Stuttgart, Germany
          Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
      su:
        Corpora
        Language ability testing
        Educational planning
        Educational evaluation
        Open-ended questions
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          Corpora
          Language ability testing
          Educational planning
          Educational evaluation
          Open-ended questions
      keyword:
        Annotation reliability
        Educational applications of NLP
        Hierarchical generalized linear models
        Short answer grading
      ab: The 'short answer' question format is a widely used tool in educational assessment, in which students write one to three sentences in response to an open question. The answers are subsequently rated by expert graders. The agreement between these graders is crucial for reliable analysis, both in terms of educational strategies and in terms of developing automatic models for short answer grading (SAG), an active research topic in NLP. This makes it important to understand the properties that influence grader agreement (such as question difficulty, answer length, and answer correctness). However, the twin challenges towards such an understanding are the wide range of SAG corpora in use (which differ along a number of dimensions) and the hierarchical structure of potentially relevant properties (which can be located at the corpus, answer, or question levels). This article uses generalized mixed effects models to analyze the effect of various such properties on grader agreement in six major SAG corpora for two main assessment tasks (language and content assessment). Overall, we find broad agreement among corpora, with a number of properties behaving similarly across corpora (e.g., shorter answers and correct answers are easier to grade). Some properties show more corpus-specific behavior (e.g., the question difficulty level), and some corpora are more in line with general tendencies than others. In sum, we obtain a nuanced picture of how the major short answer grading corpora are similar and dissimilar from which we derive suggestions for corpus development and analysis.
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    language: English
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