Integration of Speed and Quality in Measuring Graphomotor Skills: The Zurich Graphomotor Test.

Importance: In educational settings, children are under pressure to finish their work successfully within required time frames. Existing tools for assessing graphomotor skills measure either quality or speed of performance, and the speed–accuracy trade-off (SAT) in such tools has never been investig...

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Publicado en:American Journal of Occupational Therapy Vol. 76; no. 5; pp. 1 - 10
Autores principales: Knaier, Elisa, Chaouch, Aziz, Caflisch, Jon A., Rousson, Valentin, Kakebeeke, Tanja H., Jenni, Oskar G.
Formato: equations & formulas research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: American Occupational Therapy Association Sep/Oct2022
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Sep/Oct2022
      vid: 76
      iid: 5
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      pub: American Occupational Therapy Association
      place: North Bethesda, Maryland
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        159469851
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        10.5014/ajot.2022.049242
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        atl: Integration of Speed and Quality in Measuring Graphomotor Skills: The Zurich Graphomotor Test.
      aug:
        au:
          Knaier, Elisa
          Chaouch, Aziz
          Caflisch, Jon A.
          Rousson, Valentin
          Kakebeeke, Tanja H.
          Jenni, Oskar G.
        affil: Elisa Knaier, MSc, is PhD Candidate, Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
      sug:
        subj:
          Handwriting
          Psychomotor Performance
          Instrument Validation
          Scales
          Human
          Cross Sectional Studies
          Switzerland
          Child
          Young Adult
          Adolescence
          Descriptive Statistics
          Age Factors
          Sex Factors
          Occupational Therapists
          Male
          Female
          Clinical Assessment Tools
          Social Class
          Occupational Therapy Practice
          Child: 6-12 years
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Importance: In educational settings, children are under pressure to finish their work successfully within required time frames. Existing tools for assessing graphomotor skills measure either quality or speed of performance, and the speed–accuracy trade-off (SAT) in such tools has never been investigated. Objective: We aimed to evaluate a newly developed tool for measuring graphomotor skills, the Zurich Graphomotor Test (ZGT), that assesses both speed and quality of performance. We also explored whether graphomotor tests are affected by the SAT and, if so, the effects it has on graphomotor test results. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Educational institutions in Switzerland. Participants: Children, adolescents, and young adults (N = 547) ages 4–22 yr (50.3% female). Outcomes and Measures: Graphomotor performance was measured with the ZGT and the Developmental Test of Visual Perception, Second Edition (DVTP–2). Standard deviation scores were used to quantify performance. We combined ZGT speed and quality measurements into a performance score adjusted for age and sex. Results: ZGT results indicated a marked developmental trend in graphomotor performance; older children were faster than younger children. Girls showed higher overall performance than boys. The pattern of making more mistakes when being faster and making fewer mistakes when being slower was observed for both graphomotor tests, regardless of time pressure, indicating that the SAT affected the children's scores on both tests. Conclusions and Relevance: SAT is influential in graphomotor assessment. The ZGT captures this trade-off by combining accuracy and speed measurements into one score that provides a realistic assessment of graphomotor skills. What This Article Adds: The newly developed ZGT provides occupational therapy practitioners with more precise information on graphomotor skills in children, adolescents, and young adults than currently available tools. The authors evaluate the newly developed Zurich Graphomotor Test (ZGT) and conclude that the tool provides occupational therapy practitioners with more precise information than currently available tools by combining accuracy and speed measurements into one score.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        equations & formulas
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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