The Case of Mister X (Formerly Miss X): Intersexuality in Modern Kenya and the Ethics of History Writing (c. 1940‐present).

Relying on fragmented archival records, this article examines the life of Mr X – an intersex Kenyan – who was raised as a girl but, after a surgical operation in London in 1968, became a man. With assistance from officials, the wealthy and well‐educated Mr X received new identity documents, which re...

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Published in:Gender & History Vol. 35; no. 2; pp. 709 - 730
Main Author: Moskowitz, Kara
Format: Article
Published: Wiley-Blackwell Jul2023
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Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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        atl: The Case of Mister X (Formerly Miss X): Intersexuality in Modern Kenya and the Ethics of History Writing (c. 1940‐present).
      aug:
        au: Moskowitz, Kara
      su:
        Intersexuality
        Kenyans
        Historiography
        Intersex people
        Intersexual identity
        History of Kenya, 1895-1963
        History of Kenya, 1963-
      sug:
        subj:
          Intersexuality
          Kenyans
          Historiography
          Intersex people
          Intersexual identity
          History of Kenya, 1895-1963
          History of Kenya, 1963-
      ab: Relying on fragmented archival records, this article examines the life of Mr X – an intersex Kenyan – who was raised as a girl but, after a surgical operation in London in 1968, became a man. With assistance from officials, the wealthy and well‐educated Mr X received new identity documents, which recognised him as male and, in turn, preferential land access. Mr X's story makes clear the importance of class in decolonising Kenya and reveals how state power could deeply shape Kenyan lives. Indeed, the state produced most of the archival traces on Mr X's life. This history not only offers rare insight into the life of an intersex Kenyan in the mid‐twentieth century, but it also raises questions about biography and historical evidence, how we piece together human stories in spite of the epistemology and erasure of the archives, and how we do so ethically. Given ethical concerns about maintaining Mr X's anonymity to protect his family from stigmatisation and discrimination, I withhold some available information. Where possible, though, I enrich the evidentiary fragments by rendering the context in detail and drawing on comparative contemporaneous accounts of intersex Kenyans. The conclusion explores contemporary Kenya's legal recognition of intersex identity and gestures to the building of a new intersex archive.
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