| Summary: | This article focuses on extrinsic defects in photonic crystals (PC). PCs have attracted increasing attention as potential optoelectronic components for applications ranging from telecommunications to sensing, displays, lasing, and optical computing. They are characterized by a periodic dielectric structure leading to photonic band gaps or stop bands with a depleted photonic density of states. Tunable defects, actuated, for instance, by temperature and electrical fields, have only so far been realized in 1D and 2D PCs. The water loss leads to both a decreasing thickness of the planar defect and a decreasing effective refractive index of the opal.
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