"Because I Am a Female": Stigma and Safety Perspectives from Racially/Ethnically Diverse Women with Serious Mental Illnesses.

Individuals with serious mental illnesses (SMIs) face safety risks related to their mental health conditions that are often compounded by experiences of trauma, victimization, residence in impoverished neighborhoods, and histories of homelessness. Stigma and safety challenges significantly impact co...

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Published in:Community Mental Health Journal Vol. 61; no. 3; pp. 420 - 432
Main Authors: Modani, Aanchal, Gurdak, Kristen, Al Neyadi, Layla, Smith, Melissa E., Kelly, Erin, Thorning, Helle, Brekke, John S., Pahwa, Rohini
Format: Article
Published: Springer Nature Apr2025
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Apr2025
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      pub: Springer Nature
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        10.1007/s10597-024-01346-8
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        atl: "Because I Am a Female": Stigma and Safety Perspectives from Racially/Ethnically Diverse Women with Serious Mental Illnesses.
      aug:
        au:
          Modani, Aanchal
          Gurdak, Kristen
          Al Neyadi, Layla
          Smith, Melissa E.
          Kelly, Erin
          Thorning, Helle
          Brekke, John S.
          Pahwa, Rohini
        affil:
          https://ror.org/0190ak572 Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, USA
          https://ror.org/05p8w6387 Phyllis & Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
          https://ror.org/04rq5mt64 School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
          https://ror.org/00ysqcn41 Department of Family and Community Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
          https://ror.org/00hj8s172 Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Division of Behavioral Health Services and Policy Research, ACT Institute, Center for Practice Innovation, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
          https://ror.org/03taz7m60 Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
      su:
        Patient safety
        Intimate partner violence
        Sex crimes
        Mental health
        Mental illness
        Sex distribution
        Interviewing
        Psychology of women
        Racism
        Domestic violence
        Health equity
        Interpersonal relations
        Social stigma
        Social isolation
        Descriptive statistics
        Thematic analysis
        Gender-based violence
      sug:
        subj:
          Patient safety
          Intimate partner violence
          Sex crimes
          Mental health
          Mental illness
          Sex distribution
          Interviewing
          Psychology of women
          Racism
          Domestic violence
          Health equity
          Interpersonal relations
          Social stigma
          Social isolation
          Offices of Mental Health Practitioners (except Physicians)
          Descriptive statistics
          Thematic analysis
          Gender-based violence
      keyword:
        Community integration
        Gender
        Interpersonal violence
        Interpretive phenomenological analysis
        Medical and Health Sciences Public Health and Health Services Studies in Human Society Sociology Other Studies In Human Society
        Stigma
        Community integration
        Gender
        Interpersonal violence
        Interpretive phenomenological analysis
        Medical and Health Sciences Public Health and Health Services Studies in Human Society Sociology Other Studies In Human Society
        Stigma
      ab: Individuals with serious mental illnesses (SMIs) face safety risks related to their mental health conditions that are often compounded by experiences of trauma, victimization, residence in impoverished neighborhoods, and histories of homelessness. Stigma and safety challenges significantly impact community integration for individuals with SMIs, particularly women, who often bear a disproportionate burden of vulnerability, gender-based stigma, violence, and other inequalities. This study investigates how women with SMIs engage in the meaning-making of their safety and stigma experiences that, in turn, influence their community integration. From a large multi-site study exploring community experiences of racially/ethnically diverse participants with SMIs, a subsample of 28 cis and trans-gender women, who reported experiencing gendered stigma and a lack of safety, were chosen for the current study. The interviews were analyzed using modified principles of Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to understand how women with SMIs made meaning of their safety and stigma encounters in their families, communities, and neighborhoods. IPA analysis resulted in the emergence of themes within a broad category of safety that represented participants' meaning-making about their physical safety and stigma experiences. Specifically, we used the broad themes from an existing framework of safety called 'Navigating Safety' model as sensitizing concepts for our analysis. Physical and psychological aspects of safety for this study were experienced in tandem whereby the women made sense of how their experiences of a lack of physical safety in multiple contexts shaped their sense of self, internalized stigma, and their social relationships. Within the broad theme of physical safety, participants described unsafe neighborhoods, exposure to domestic and intimate partner violence, and vulnerability to sexual violence. Additionally, under psychological safety, we identified how gender-based norms, race and ethnicity, sources of stigma (internalized, familial, and societal), and social isolation contributed to their mental health and social relationships (particularly with family). These findings highlight how the compounding influence of the intersection of multiple stigmatized identities exerts safety challenges on the lives and community experiences of women with SMIs. Focusing on access and affordability of appropriate gender-responsive resources for women, including trauma-informed care, could reduce hospitalizations, mental health symptoms, and stigma so they can safely integrate into their communities.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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