Unravelling the Computational Thinking and Spatial Thinking Development: An Exploration of a Virtual Robot Programming Environment.

Background: Robot programming can simultaneously cultivate learners' computational thinking (CT) and spatial thinking (ST). However, there is a noticeable gap in research focusing on the micro‐level development patterns of learners' CT and ST and their interconnections. Objectives: This study aims t...

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Published in:Journal of Computer Assisted Learning Vol. 41; no. 2; pp. 1 - 17
Main Authors: Gong, Xin, Xu, Weiqi, Qiao, Ailing, Li, Zhixia
Format: pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Wiley-Blackwell Apr2025
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      issn: 02664909
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      dt: Apr2025
      vid: 41
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
      place: Malden, Massachusetts
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        10.1111/jcal.70007
        184016305
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        atl: Unravelling the Computational Thinking and Spatial Thinking Development: An Exploration of a Virtual Robot Programming Environment.
      aug:
        au:
          Gong, Xin
          Xu, Weiqi
          Qiao, Ailing
          Li, Zhixia
        affil: College of Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
      sug:
        subj:
          Problem Solving
          Spatial Perception
          Robotics
          Learning Methods
          Computer-Assisted Instruction
          Human
          Funding Source
          China
          Male
          Female
          Adolescence
          Students, Middle School
          Task Performance and Analysis
          Cluster Analysis
          Kruskal-Wallis Test
          Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient
          Descriptive Statistics
          Questionnaires
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Background: Robot programming can simultaneously cultivate learners' computational thinking (CT) and spatial thinking (ST). However, there is a noticeable gap in research focusing on the micro‐level development patterns of learners' CT and ST and their interconnections. Objectives: This study aims to uncover the intricate development patterns and interrelations between learners' CT and ST at a micro level within a robot programming environment. Methods: Thirty middle school students participated in the study and completed SOLO robot programming tasks. Process data on their online programming behaviour were collected through programming platform log data, screen recordings and synchronised think‐aloud audio, while result data were obtained through CT and ST standardised tests. The data were then analysed using cluster analysis, process mining techniques, Kruskal–Wallis, and Spearman analysis. Results and Conclusions: The results revealed three clusters of learner types (i.e., masters, debuggers and beginners). Masters skilfully employed both CT and ST, while debuggers effectively activated ST through feedback. Beginners, however, showed lower proficiency in both. Notably, their CT structures demonstrated bidirectional thinking, top‐down systematic programming and bottom‐up debugging methods. The intrinsic developmental structure of ST shifted from direction language to spatial behaviour. Furthermore, ST and CT were mutually enhanced and mental rotation in ST is positioned as a foundational skill for CT. Implications: These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of learners' intrinsic thinking processes and offer essential guidance for optimising programming education.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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