Confirming Increased Statistical Errors in Testing Correlations from Small Sample Sizes.

Small sample sizes contribute to several problems in research and knowledge advancement. This conceptual replication study confirmed and extended the inflation of type II errors and confidence intervals in correlation analyses of small sample sizes common in kinesiology/exercise science. Current pop...

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Publicado en:Measurement in Physical Education & Exercise Science Vol. 29; no. 2; pp. 191 - 198
Autor principal: Knudson, Duane
Formato: research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Taylor & Francis Ltd Apr-Jun2025
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Apr-Jun2025
      vid: 29
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      pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd
      place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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        10.1080/1091367X.2024.2439295
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        atl: Confirming Increased Statistical Errors in Testing Correlations from Small Sample Sizes.
      aug:
        au: Knudson, Duane
        affil: Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
      sug:
        subj:
          Sample Size Determination
          False Positive Results
          Confidence Intervals
          Kinesiology
          Exercise Physiology
          Human
          Correlational Studies
          Models, Theoretical
          Conceptual Framework
          Descriptive Statistics
          Comparative Studies
          Data Analysis Software
          Correlation Coefficient
          Computer Simulation
      ab: Small sample sizes contribute to several problems in research and knowledge advancement. This conceptual replication study confirmed and extended the inflation of type II errors and confidence intervals in correlation analyses of small sample sizes common in kinesiology/exercise science. Current population data (N = 18, 230, & 464) on four mechanical variables of three kinds of tennis strings were used to study the effect of small randomly selected sample sizes. All small sample sizes (n = 10, 25, 50, & 100) had one to three type II errors in statistical tests of the six pairwise correlations and partial correlations but no type I errors. Correlation coefficients from these small sample sizes had imprecise mean confidence interval widths (.34 to 1.08) that limit accurate statistical inferences, sizes of associations, and are most vulnerable to not detecting small (ρ <.4) true associations in the population. These data confirm that there are likely numerous type II errors and imprecise correlation coefficients in KSES studies using small samples sizes that may slow the knowledge advancement of the field.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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