Variation in encoding context benefits item recognition.

The current study assesses whether varying the encoding context of a repeated event is a potential strategy to improve recognition memory across retrieval contexts. Context variability, also known as encoding variability, has historically been investigated primarily using recall and cued recall task...

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Published in:Memory & Cognition Vol. 53; no. 3; pp. 725 - 746
Main Authors: Salan, Jefferson, Smith, Devyn E., Shafer, Erica S., Diana, Rachel A.
Format: Article
Published: Springer Nature Apr2025
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Apr2025
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      pub: Springer Nature
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        10.3758/s13421-024-01603-x
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        atl: Variation in encoding context benefits item recognition.
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        au:
          Salan, Jefferson
          Smith, Devyn E.
          Shafer, Erica S.
          Diana, Rachel A.
        affil:
          https://ror.org/02smfhw86 Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 890 Drillfield Dr., 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
          https://ror.org/0153tk833 Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
      su:
        Recognition (Psychology)
        Task performance
        Manipulative behavior
        Memory
        Analysis of variance
        Cognition
        Repeated measures design
        T-test (Statistics)
        Research funding
        Descriptive statistics
        Data analysis software
      sug:
        subj:
          Recognition (Psychology)
          Task performance
          Manipulative behavior
          Memory
          Analysis of variance
          Cognition
          Repeated measures design
          T-test (Statistics)
          Research funding
          Descriptive statistics
          Data analysis software
      keyword:
        Context effects
        Episodic memory
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Psychology
        Recognition
        Context effects
        Episodic memory
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Psychology
        Recognition
      ab: The current study assesses whether varying the encoding context of a repeated event is a potential strategy to improve recognition memory across retrieval contexts. Context variability, also known as encoding variability, has historically been investigated primarily using recall and cued recall tasks, with the consensus being that encoding variability is not necessarily beneficial for episodic retrieval. However, recent studies (see text) suggest that test type may determine the strategy's effectiveness. Aligned with these recent findings, we found consistent benefits to simple item recognition when a word was studied in more variable contexts compared to less variable contexts across four experiments. This main effect of context variability occurred when crossed with a manipulation of repetition spacing and when crossed with a manipulation of encoding-retrieval context match. Variation in encoding contexts beyond the future retrieval context led to better item recognition than repeated study exposures within the future retrieval context. We argue that the current study and other recent findings indicate a need to re-evaluate the historical consensus on encoding variability as a beneficial strategy for learning.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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