Web Archives Metadata Generation with GPT-4o: Challenges and Insights.

Current metadata creation for web archives is time consuming and costly due to reliance on human effort. This paper explores the use of GPT-4o for metadata generation within the Web Archive Singapore, focusing on scalability, efficiency, and cost effectiveness. We processed 112 Web ARChive (WARC) fi...

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Publicado en:Information Technology & Libraries Vol. 44; no. 2; pp. 1 - 17
Autores principales: Nair, Ashwin, Zhen Rong Goh, Tianrui Liu, Yongping Huang, Abigail
Formato: research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: American Library Association Jun2025
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jun2025
      vid: 44
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      pub: American Library Association
      place: Chicago, Illinois
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        atl: Web Archives Metadata Generation with GPT-4o: Challenges and Insights.
      aug:
        au:
          Nair, Ashwin
          Zhen Rong Goh
          Tianrui Liu
          Yongping Huang, Abigail
        affil: Manager/Librarian (Systems), Resource Discovery Management, National Library Board, Singapore
      sug:
        subj:
          Artificial Intelligence, Generative Utilization
          Natural Language Processing Methods
          Metadata
          World Wide Web Singapore
          Archives
          Cost Effectiveness Analysis
          Human
          Singapore
          Biomedical Engineering
          Algorithms
          Information Storage
          Information Retrieval
          Resource Databases
          Internet
          Cost Savings
          Libraries, Electronic
          Data Management Methods
          Motivation
          Automation
          Information Technology
          Descriptive Statistics
          Comparative Studies
          Software
          Computer Hardware
          Nonparametric Statistics
          Privacy and Confidentiality
      ab: Current metadata creation for web archives is time consuming and costly due to reliance on human effort. This paper explores the use of GPT-4o for metadata generation within the Web Archive Singapore, focusing on scalability, efficiency, and cost effectiveness. We processed 112 Web ARChive (WARC) files using data reduction techniques, achieving a notable 99.9% reduction in metadata generation costs. By prompt engineering, we generated titles and abstracts, which were evaluated both intrinsically using Levenshtein distance and BERTScore, and extrinsically with human cataloguers using McNemar's test. Results indicate that while our method offers significant cost savings and efficiency gains, human curated metadata maintains an edge in quality. The study identifies key challenges including content inaccuracies, hallucinations, and translation issues, suggesting that large language models (LLMs) should serve as complements rather than replacements for human cataloguers. Future work will focus on refining prompts, improving content filtering, and addressing privacy concerns through experimentation with smaller models. This research advances the integration of LLMs in web archiving, offering valuable insights into their current capabilities and outlining directions for future enhancements. The code is available at https://github.com/masamune-prog/warc2summary for further development and use by institutions facing similar challenges.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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