POS tagging of low-resource Pashto language: annotated corpus and BERT-based model.

This paper presents the development of a comprehensive part-of-speech (POS) annotated corpus for the low-resource Pashto language, along with a deep learning model for automatic POS tagging. The corpus comprises approximately 700K words (30K sentences), labeled for word boundaries, considering Pasht...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Published in:Language Resources & Evaluation Vol. 59; no. 3; pp. 3243 - 3266
Main Authors: Haq, Ijazul, Zhang, Yingjie, Qadri, Intakhab Alam
Format: Conference Paper/Materials
Published: Springer Nature Sep2025
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
fields @attributes:
  recordID: 1
pdfLink:
plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=186909090&site=ehost-live
header:
  @attributes:
    shortDbName: hlh
    uiTerm: 186909090
    longDbName: Humanities International Complete
    uiTag: AN
  controlInfo:
    bkinfo:
    jinfo:
      jid:
        1574020X
        179V
      jtl: Language Resources & Evaluation
      issn: 1574020X
      maglogo: N
    pubinfo:
      dt: Sep2025
      vid: 59
      iid: 3
      pid: 237
      pub: Springer Nature
    artinfo:
      ui:
        186909090
        10.1007/s10579-025-09834-3
      ppf: 3243
      ppct: 23
      formats:
        fmt:
          – @attributes:
              type: T
          – @attributes:
              type: P
              size: 1.9MB
      tig:
        atl: POS tagging of low-resource Pashto language: annotated corpus and BERT-based model.
      aug:
        au:
          Haq, Ijazul
          Zhang, Yingjie
          Qadri, Intakhab Alam
        affil:
          https://ror.org/0530pts50 Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
          Artificial Intelligence Department, Guangdong CAS Angels Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Foshan, China
          https://ror.org/01vy4gh70 College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
      su:
        Natural language processing
        Deep learning
        Grammatical categories
        Statistical accuracy
        Corpora
        Language models
      sug:
        subj:
          Natural language processing
          Deep learning
          Grammatical categories
          Statistical accuracy
          Corpora
          Language models
      keyword:
        Artificial Intelligence
        BERT
        Communication and Culture Linguistics
        Corpus Linguistics
        LLMs
        Low-resource Languages
        Machine Learning
        NLP
        Pashto
        POS Tagging
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Cognitive Sciences Language
        Transformers
      ab: This paper presents the development of a comprehensive part-of-speech (POS) annotated corpus for the low-resource Pashto language, along with a deep learning model for automatic POS tagging. The corpus comprises approximately 700K words (30K sentences), labeled for word boundaries, considering Pashto lacks explicit delimiters for word segmentation. The corpus was then annotated for POS information using a concise and pragmatic tagset of 36 grammatical categories. We utilized this corpus to train a supervised POS tagging model. For the model development, we employed a multilingual BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), fine-tuning it for this specific task. The BERT-based model performance was evaluated against an RNN-based model that employs the BiLSTM-CRF network and word embeddings (Word2Vec, fastText, and GloVe). Experimental results demonstrated that the BERT-based model achieved the best performance, attaining an accuracy of 96.24% and an F1-score (weighted average) of 96.22%. The model's performance is highly satisfactory, making it useful in practical applications. Furthermore, the applications of the annotated corpus are not limited to this study only; it can be employed in various NLP applications, including named entity recognition (NER), text proofing, and constituency and dependency parsing.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Conference Paper/Materials
      src: R
    language: English
    refInfo:
    copyright:
      @attributes:
        flag: Y
      custom: Language Resources & Evaluation is a copyright of Springer, 2025. All Rights Reserved.
      item: Language Resources & Evaluation
      holder: Springer Nature
      dt:
        @attributes:
          year: 2025
    holdings:
      @attributes:
        islocal: N