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Which Surgical Hand Preparation Method Is More Effective? A Comparative Study of Hand Rub and Hand Scrub.

Surgical Site Infection (SSI) can be a devastating complication, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Pre-surgical hand preparation is an effective strategy to prevent SSI. The two most common pre-surgical hand preparation methods are antimicrobial soap for surgical hand...

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Publicado en:Nursing Reports Vol. 15; no. 7; pp. 242 - 255
Autores principales: Olivia, Claudia, Ibrahim, Kusman, Kurniawan, Titis
Formato: pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: MDPI Jul2025
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jul2025
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      pub: MDPI
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        atl: Which Surgical Hand Preparation Method Is More Effective? A Comparative Study of Hand Rub and Hand Scrub.
      aug:
        au:
          Olivia, Claudia
          Ibrahim, Kusman
          Kurniawan, Titis
        affil: Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjajaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
      sug:
        subj:
          Surgical Scrubbing Methods
          Handwashing Methods
          Infection Control Methods
          Surgical Wound Infection Prevention and Control
          Human
          Funding Source
          Male
          Female
          Comparative Studies
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Aged
          Surgical Wound Infection Mortality
          Health Care Costs
          Antiinfective Agents, Local Therapeutic Use
          Sterilization and Disinfection
          Ethanol Therapeutic Use
          Soaps Utilization
          Operating Room Personnel Education
          Chlorhexidine Therapeutic Use
          Microbial Culture and Sensitivity Tests
          Colony-Forming Units Assay
          Descriptive Research
          Descriptive Statistics
          Data Analysis Software
          Friedman Test
          Mann-Whitney U Test
          Handwashing Equipment and Supplies
          Surgeons Psychosocial Factors
          Surgical Instruments Adverse Effects
          Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
          Microbial Contamination Prevention and Control
          Preoperative Care
          Sensitivity and Specificity
          Chi Square Test
          Job Experience
          Treatment Duration
          Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Microbiology
          Pretest-Posttest Design
          Post Hoc Analysis
          Professional Knowledge
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Aged: 65+ years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Surgical Site Infection (SSI) can be a devastating complication, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Pre-surgical hand preparation is an effective strategy to prevent SSI. The two most common pre-surgical hand preparation methods are antimicrobial soap for surgical hand scrub and alcohol-based surgical hand rub. The antimicrobial soap hand scrub remains more commonly used among operating theater staff. However, several studies showed that alcohol-based hand rubs are much more effective than antiseptic soap hand scrubs. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effect of the two methods of surgical hand preparation on the number of bacterial colonies. Methods: The design of this study was a comparative study with a pre-test and post-test approach in two groups (a surgical hand scrub using 4% chlorhexidine soap group and a surgical hand rub using 70% ethyl alcohol and 2.5% chlorhexidine group). Hand smear sampling was performed before surgical hand preparation (pre-test), immediately after surgical hand preparation (post-test 1), and after the surgery was completed (post-test 2). Seventy-one hand smear samples (35 samples applied the surgical hand rub, and 36 samples applied the surgical hand scrub) were divided into two groups and examined for colony counts in Colony Forming Units (CFU) using the total plate count method. Descriptive and comparative analysis were applied. Results: The surgical hand-scrub group had average pre-test, post-test 1, and post-test 2 colony counts of 0.202 CFU/cm2, 0.007 CFU/cm2, and 0.016 CFU/cm2, respectively, while the surgical hand-rub group had average pre-test, post-test 1, and post-test 2 colony counts of 0.163 CFU/cm2, 0.001 CFU/cm2, and 0.001 CFU/cm2 respectively. Statistical analysis using the Friedman test showed that both methods significantly reduced the number of colonies (p < 0.01). Based on the Mann–Whitney test, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the number of colonies (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Surgical hand-scrub and hand-rub have similar effectiveness in reducing and maintaining the number of colonies on hands during surgery, both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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