A Performance Comparison of Different YOLOv7 Networks for High-Accuracy Cell Classification in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Utilising the Adam Optimiser and Label Smoothing.

Accurate classification of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is essential for the assessment of lung disease in pneumology and critical care medicine. However, the effectiveness of BAL fluid analysis is highly dependent on individual expertise. Our research is focused on improving the accu...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine Vol. 38; no. 4; pp. 2367 - 2381
Main Authors: Rumpf, Sebastian, Zufall, Nicola, Rumpf, Florian, Gschwendtner, Andreas
Format: equations & formulas pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Springer Nature Aug2025
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
fields @attributes:
  recordID: 1
pdfLink:
plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=187278955&site=ehost-live
header:
  @attributes:
    shortDbName: ccm
    uiTerm: 187278955
    longDbName: CINAHL Complete
    uiTag: AN
  controlInfo:
    bkinfo:
    dissinfo:
    jinfo:
      jid:
        29482925
        NR3A
      jtl: Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine
      issn: 29482925
      maglogo: N
    pubinfo:
      dt: Aug2025
      vid: 38
      iid: 4
      pid: 237
      pub: Springer Nature
      place: New York, New York
    artinfo:
      ui:
        187278955
        187278955
        187278955
        10.1007/s10278-024-01315-3
        187278955
      ppf: 2367
      ppct: 14
      formats:
        fmt:
          – @attributes:
              type: T
          – @attributes:
              type: P
      tig:
        atl: A Performance Comparison of Different YOLOv7 Networks for High-Accuracy Cell Classification in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Utilising the Adam Optimiser and Label Smoothing.
      aug:
        au:
          Rumpf, Sebastian
          Zufall, Nicola
          Rumpf, Florian
          Gschwendtner, Andreas
        affil: https://ror.org/00fbnyb24 University of Wuerzburg, Sanderring 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
      sug:
        subj:
          Bronchoalveolar Lavage Germany
          Cells Classification
          Sensitivity and Specificity
          Convolutional Neural Networks Methods
          Quality Improvement
          Algorithms
          Human
          Macrophages
          Lymphocytes
          Neutrophils
          Eosinophils
          Staining and Labeling
          Data Curation
          Cytology
          Deep Learning
          Germany
          Male
          Female
          Adolescence
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Aged
          Aged, 80 and Over
          Image Processing, Computer Assisted
          Descriptive Statistics
          Kruskal-Wallis Test
          Post Hoc Analysis
          Data Analysis Software
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Aged: 65+ years
          Aged, 80 & over
          Male
          Female
      ab: Accurate classification of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is essential for the assessment of lung disease in pneumology and critical care medicine. However, the effectiveness of BAL fluid analysis is highly dependent on individual expertise. Our research is focused on improving the accuracy and efficiency of BAL cell classification using the "You Only Look Once" (YOLO) algorithm to reduce variability and increase the accuracy of cell detection in BALF analysis. We assess various YOLOv7 iterations, including YOLOv7, YOLOv7 with Adam and label smoothing, YOLOv7-E6E, and YOLOv7-E6E with Adam and label smoothing focusing on the detection of four key cell types of diagnostic importance in BAL fluid: macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. This study utilised cytospin preparations of BAL fluid, employing May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining, and analysed a dataset comprising 2032 images with 42,221 annotations. Classification performance was evaluated using recall, precision, F1 score, mAP@.5, and mAP@.5;.95 along with a confusion matrix. The comparison of four algorithmic approaches revealed minor distinctions in mean results, falling short of statistical significance (p < 0.01; p < 0.05). YOLOv7, with an inference time of 13.5 ms for 640 × 640 px images, achieved commendable performance across all cell types, boasting an average F1 metric of 0.922, precision of 0.916, recall of 0.928, and mAP@.5 of 0.966. Remarkably, all four cell types were classified consistently with high-performance metrics. Notably, YOLOv7 demonstrated marginally superior class value dispersion when compared to YOLOv7-adam-label-smoothing, YOLOv7-E6E, and YOLOv7-E6E-adam-label-smoothing, albeit without statistical significance. Consequently, there is limited justification for deploying the more computationally intensive YOLOv7-E6E and YOLOv7-E6E-adam-label-smoothing models. This investigation indicates that the default YOLOv7 variant is the preferred choice for differential cytology due to its accessibility, lower computational demands, and overall more consistent results than more complex models.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        equations & formulas
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
    refInfo:
    holdings:
      @attributes:
        islocal: N