George Washington and the Ladies of Trenton: The New Jersey Women Who Feted a Hero and Then Disappeared from History.

In April 1789, a group of mostly upper-class women welcomed George Washington to Trenton with a commemorative ode, a festive arch, and a banner that proclaimed, "The Defender of the Mothers will also Protect their Daughters." Although historians and visual artists have typically interpreted this occ...

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Published in:Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal Vol. 23; no. 3; pp. 326 - 357
Main Author: Kierner, Cynthia A.
Format: Article
Published: University of Pennsylvania Press Summer2025
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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        atl: George Washington and the Ladies of Trenton: The New Jersey Women Who Feted a Hero and Then Disappeared from History.
      aug:
        au: Kierner, Cynthia A.
        affil: George Mason University
      su:
        Women in war
        Collective memory
        Artists
        Upper class
        Political change
        Washington, George, 1732-1799
        American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
        Trenton (N.J.)
      sug:
        subj:
          Trenton (N.J.)
          Women in war
          Collective memory
          Artists
          Upper class
          Political change
          Washington, George, 1732-1799
          American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
      keyword:
        American Revolution
        Arches
        Civic rituals
        Continental Army
        Currier and Ives
        George Washington
        Memory
        N.J.
        Rape
        Trenton
        War
        Women and politics
        Women and social life
        Women and war
      ab: In April 1789, a group of mostly upper-class women welcomed George Washington to Trenton with a commemorative ode, a festive arch, and a banner that proclaimed, "The Defender of the Mothers will also Protect their Daughters." Although historians and visual artists have typically interpreted this occasion as a generic celebration of Washington's famed military and political achievements, these women commemorated something more specific—and less widely known. In 1776 and 1777, General Washington had publicly denounced rapes committed by the British and their allies in southern New Jersey and ordered his own troops to show "humanity and tenderness to women and children." In honoring Washington, this ceremony, with its carefully worded banner, referenced women's war experience and the poignantly intimate meaning of Washington's status as their "defender" and "protector." Washington and his contemporaries acknowledged the intended meaning of this unique welcome. In the changing political climate of the early Republic, however, historical memory elided the women and their message, making representations of the Trenton reception less about them and almost entirely about Washington. In April 1789, a group of mostly upper-class women welcomed George Washington to Trenton with a commemorative ode, a festive arch, and a banner that proclaimed, "The Defender of the Mothers will also Protect their Daughters." Although historians and visual artists have typically interpreted this occasion as a generic celebration of Washington's famed military and political achievements, these women commemorated something more specific—and less widely known. In 1776 and 1777, General Washington had publicly denounced rapes committed by the British and their allies in southern New Jersey and ordered his own troops to show "humanity and tenderness to women and children." In honoring Washington, this ceremony with its carefully worded banner referenced women's war experience and the poignantly intimate meaning of Washington's status as their "defender" and "protector." Washington and his contemporaries acknowledged the intended meaning of this unique welcome. In the changing political climate of the early Republic, however, historical memory elided the women and their message, making representations of the Trenton reception less about them and almost entirely about Washington.
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