From Virtual Rape to Meta-rape: Sexual Violence, Criminal Law and the Metaverse.

As the metaverse blurs the lines between physical and virtual realms, enhanced by haptic devices providing sensory feedback, it is poised to become integral to daily life. However, this new digital frontier is also a site for sexual violence. Women users increasingly report non-consensual touching,...

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Publicado en:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies Vol. 45; no. 3; pp. 554 - 583
Autores principales: McGlynn, Clare, Rigotti, Carlotta
Formato: Artículo
Publicado: Oxford University Press / USA Autumn2025
Materias:
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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        atl: From Virtual Rape to Meta-rape: Sexual Violence, Criminal Law and the Metaverse.
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          McGlynn, Clare
          Rigotti, Carlotta
      su:
        Sexual assault
        Sex crimes
        Gender-based violence
        Shared virtual environments
        Haptic devices
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          Sexual assault
          Sex crimes
          Gender-based violence
          Shared virtual environments
          Haptic devices
      keyword:
        extended reality
        image-based sexual abuse
        metaverse
        technology-facilitated gender-based violence
        virtual rape
        virtual reality
      ab: As the metaverse blurs the lines between physical and virtual realms, enhanced by haptic devices providing sensory feedback, it is poised to become integral to daily life. However, this new digital frontier is also a site for sexual violence. Women users increasingly report non-consensual touching, image-based sexual abuses and novel forms of gendered harm, often trivialised and inadequately addressed by current laws. Accordingly, this article proposes the new concept and terminology of 'meta-rape' to better capture the intense and embodied nature of these forms of sexual violence. We also provide a new categorisation of experiences of sexual harassment and abuse in the metaverse, together with a comprehensive analysis of the role and application of criminal law in tackling meta-rape. We suggest, contrary to conventional approaches, that current criminal laws could apply to some forms of meta-rape. We also propose strengthening and future-proofing criminal law, with laws proscribing intimate intrusions. By reframing our understanding of meta-rape, we aim to address the prevalence and impact of these gendered and sexualised harms, providing robust avenues for victim redress and promoting safety and autonomy in emerging virtual spaces.
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