Limonin: Advances in extraction, synthesis, pharmacological mechanisms, and structural optimization for therapeutic potential.

Limonin, a highly oxygenated nor-triterpenoid phytochemical abundant in Citrus plants, has attracted considerable attention because of its diverse pharmacological properties. Its significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, and antiviral activities have been demonstrated in re...

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Publicado en:Fitoterapia Vol. 186
Autores principales: Meng, Xianghui, Xi, Zhichao, Chen, Xinwei, Green, Donovan, Zhou, Yunhao, Xian, Yao, Zhang, Hongmei
Formato: review Journal Article
Publicado: Elsevier B.V. Oct2025
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Oct2025
      vid: 186
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      pub: Elsevier B.V.
      place: New York, New York
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        188290807
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        10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106861
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        atl: Limonin: Advances in extraction, synthesis, pharmacological mechanisms, and structural optimization for therapeutic potential.
      aug:
        au:
          Meng, Xianghui
          Xi, Zhichao
          Chen, Xinwei
          Green, Donovan
          Zhou, Yunhao
          Xian, Yao
          Zhang, Hongmei
        affil: School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
      sug:
        subj:
          Citrus
          Plant Extracts
          Phytochemicals Pharmacodynamics
          Phytochemicals Analysis
          Chemical Fractionation
          Molecular Structure
          Phytochemicals Therapeutic Use
          Antiinflammatory Agents
          Antioxidants
          Antineoplastic Agents
      ab: Limonin, a highly oxygenated nor-triterpenoid phytochemical abundant in Citrus plants, has attracted considerable attention because of its diverse pharmacological properties. Its significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, and antiviral activities have been demonstrated in recent studies and are associated with the modulation of multiple signaling pathways, highlighting its potential as a valuable lead compound for therapeutic development. However, poor solubility and limited bioavailability constrain its practical application, prompting interest in chemical synthesis and structural modification strategies to enhance therapeutic potential. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the extraction, synthesis, pharmacological mechanisms, and structural optimization of limonin, including comparisons of extraction processes and analyses of structure–activity relationships. It further aims to encourage additional research on limonin and its derivatives and to support their clinical translation. [Display omitted] • Advances in extraction, synthesis, pharmacology, and structural modification of limonin are systematically reviewed. • Emerging extraction and synthetic strategies enhance the recovery and sustainability of limonin. • Limonin exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects through multi-target mechanisms. • Structural modifications produce derivatives with improved pharmacological activity and bioavailability.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        review
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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