Hands-free interaction system using eye tracking for people with physical disabilities.

Purpose: This study presents and evaluates a hands-free eye-tracking interaction system aimed at empowering individuals with physical disabilities by facilitating inclusive digital access, in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and 10...

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Publicado en:Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology Vol. 20; no. 7; pp. 2474 - 2488
Autores principales: Saputra, Marcel, Hadipoespito, Kayne Raphael, Polantika, Denzel, Hartono, John Reigton, Kuo, Sherrane, Hedwig, Rinda
Formato: algorithm pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Taylor & Francis Ltd Oct2025
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Oct2025
      vid: 20
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      pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd
      place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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        10.1080/17483107.2025.2548012
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        atl: Hands-free interaction system using eye tracking for people with physical disabilities.
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        au:
          Saputra, Marcel
          Hadipoespito, Kayne Raphael
          Polantika, Denzel
          Hartono, John Reigton
          Kuo, Sherrane
          Hedwig, Rinda
        affil: Business Engineering Department, BINUS ASO School of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Tangerang, Indonesia
      sug:
        subj:
          Persons with Disabilities
          Assistive Technology Devices Utilization
          Eye Movement Measurements Equipment and Supplies
          Digital Technology
          Empowerment
          Systems Analysis
          Human
          Structured Questionnaires
          Interviews
          Performance Measurement Systems
          Face Perception
          Validity
          Communication Protocols
          Patient Satisfaction
          Videorecording
          Descriptive Statistics
          Systems Design
      ab: Purpose: This study presents and evaluates a hands-free eye-tracking interaction system aimed at empowering individuals with physical disabilities by facilitating inclusive digital access, in alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Methods: The system's performance was assessed through accuracy testing, data transmission speed measurement, and frame rate stability analysis. Eye gestures were repeatedly recorded from a single user to evaluate system accuracy and responsiveness. Additionally, usability feedback was collected from 10 participants through structured questionnaires. Results: Accuracy testing showed tightly clustered gaze points with an estimated accuracy of 90–95%. Data transmission was highly efficient, averaging 0.0003 s per data point, with consistently high throughput. The system maintained a stable frame rate of approximately 30 frames per second, enabling smooth real-time performance. User evaluations highlighted ease of use, comfort, responsiveness, and the potential to enable independent computer access, with high overall satisfaction ratings. Conclusions: The results indicate that the proposed eye-tracking system effectively combines technical performance with user-centered design. By enabling accessible communication and interaction, it promotes digital inclusion and reduces barriers to technology for people with physical disabilities. Significance: This technology offers a practical, inclusive solution that advances health, well-being, and social equity, supporting sustainable development through enhanced accessibility and empowerment. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The findings of this study suggest that the hands-free eye-tracking interaction system holds significant potential in the field of rehabilitation for individuals with physical disabilities. Its high accuracy (90–95%), efficient data transmission, and stable real-time performance support its use as a reliable assistive interface for enabling independent computer access. User feedback indicating high satisfaction, comfort, and usability underscores the system's capacity to promote autonomy in daily digital interactions. These features are particularly relevant for individuals with severe motor impairments, for whom traditional input devices are often inaccessible. By facilitating communication, access to information, and participation in educational or vocational activities, the system contributes to a more inclusive rehabilitation process. Moreover, the alignment with Sustainable Development Goals—particularly SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities)—reinforces the broader health and social value of this technology. As such, the system offers a practical and scalable solution to support patient-centered rehabilitation strategies focused on improving quality of life, functional independence, and digital inclusion.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        algorithm
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Unknown
    language: English
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