Reciprocal Relationships among the Educational Expectations of Fathers, Mothers, and Adolescents from Fourth Grade to Ninth Grade.

Although reciprocal relationships among the educational expectations of fathers, mothers, and adolescents have been theoretically proposed, the dynamic, gender differential, and asymmetric nature of these reciprocal relationships within family systems across adolescence remains unclear. In the curre...

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Published in:Journal of Youth & Adolescence Vol. 54; no. 11; pp. 2842 - 2859
Main Authors: Niu, Yingnan, Guo, Xiaolin, Cai, He, Zhao, Baoxu, Luo, Liang
Format: Article
Published: Springer Nature Nov2025
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Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Nov2025
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      pub: Springer Nature
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        10.1007/s10964-025-02218-4
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        atl: Reciprocal Relationships among the Educational Expectations of Fathers, Mothers, and Adolescents from Fourth Grade to Ninth Grade.
      aug:
        au:
          Niu, Yingnan
          Guo, Xiaolin
          Cai, He
          Zhao, Baoxu
          Luo, Liang
        affil:
          https://ror.org/022k4wk35 Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
          https://ror.org/0170z8493 School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
          https://ror.org/022k4wk35 Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
          https://ror.org/022k4wk35 State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
      su:
        Psychology of fathers
        Parent-child relationships
        Sex distribution
        Teenagers' conduct of life
        Middle school students
        Family systems theory
        Psychology of mothers
        Academic achievement
        School children
        Intergenerational relations
        Social classes
        Research funding
        Descriptive statistics
        Longitudinal method
        Factor analysis
        Data analysis software
      sug:
        subj:
          Psychology of fathers
          Parent-child relationships
          Sex distribution
          Teenagers' conduct of life
          Middle school students
          Family systems theory
          Psychology of mothers
          Academic achievement
          School children
          Intergenerational relations
          Social classes
          Research funding
          Descriptive statistics
          Longitudinal method
          Factor analysis
          Data analysis software
      keyword:
        Educational expectations
        Fourth grade to ninth grade
        Gender differences
        Intergenerational transmission
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Psychology
        Reciprocal relationships
        Educational expectations
        Fourth grade to ninth grade
        Gender differences
        Intergenerational transmission
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Psychology
        Reciprocal relationships
      ab: Although reciprocal relationships among the educational expectations of fathers, mothers, and adolescents have been theoretically proposed, the dynamic, gender differential, and asymmetric nature of these reciprocal relationships within family systems across adolescence remains unclear. In the current study, a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) was used to examine the reciprocal relationships among the educational expectations of fathers, mothers, and adolescents from 4th grade to 9th grade and the moderating effect of adolescents' gender was considered. A total of 3403 Chinese students (1628 girls; initial M = 9.85 years, SD = 0.37) and their fathers and mothers were followed from 4th to 9th grade across six waves at one-year intervals. The results indicated significant longitudinal reciprocal relationships among the educational expectations of fathers, mothers, and adolescents. The results of dynamic analysis indicated that father-to-adolescent and mother-to-father effects increased over time. In terms of asymmetries in parent-adolescent reciprocal effects, the results revealed that during the transition from 4th grade to 5th grade, adolescents' predictive effect on their fathers' educational expectations was significantly stronger than fathers' predictive effect on adolescents' educational expectations. The results of differences in parental-gender revealed that the predictive effect of mothers on adolescents' educational expectations was significantly stronger than the predictive effect of fathers during the transition from 4th grade to 5th grade. In addition, an adolescent-gender difference was observed in the adolescent-to-parent effects from 4th grade to 9th grade, with daughters having a stronger predictive effect on their parents' expectations than sons. This study reveals that within family systems, the educational expectations of fathers, mothers, and adolescents represent a dynamic process of mutual interaction, adaptation, and adjustment across different academic stages.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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