Effect of combined exercise and nutrition on bone density in postmenopausal women-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Postmenopausal women are subject to hormonal fluctuations, a rapid decline in bone mineral density (BMD) and a significant increase in fracture risk, and both exercise and nutritional interventions have a positive impact on BMD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of combin...

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Publicado en:Nutrition & Metabolism Vol. 22; no. 1; pp. 1 - 25
Autores principales: liu, Jie, Li, Xun, Zhang, Wenhua, Miao, Tingting, Wang, Xiaoqiang
Formato: meta analysis research systematic review tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: BioMed Central 10/23/2025
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: 10/23/2025
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        atl: Effect of combined exercise and nutrition on bone density in postmenopausal women-a systematic review and meta-analysis.
      aug:
        au:
          liu, Jie
          Li, Xun
          Zhang, Wenhua
          Miao, Tingting
          Wang, Xiaoqiang
        affil: https://ror.org/026b4k258 School of Graduate Education, Shandong Sport University, 250100, Jinan, Shandong, China
      sug:
        subj:
          Postmenopause
          Bone Density
          Combined Modality Therapy
          Exercise
          Nutrition
          Treatment Outcomes
          Human
          Systematic Review
          Meta Analysis
          Funding Source
          PubMed
          Embase
          Cochrane Library
          Descriptive Statistics
          Checklists
          Confidence Intervals
      ab: Background: Postmenopausal women are subject to hormonal fluctuations, a rapid decline in bone mineral density (BMD) and a significant increase in fracture risk, and both exercise and nutritional interventions have a positive impact on BMD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of combined exercise and nutrition interventions compared to single nutrition or exercise interventions on BMD in postmenopausal women and specific combined strategies to improve BMD. Methods: A systematic search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar databases and studies identified until April 4, 2025 were performed following strictly the PRISMA evaluation guidelines.The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, the quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach, and data analysis was performed using Stata 17.0. Results: A total of 24 RCTs involving 2,236 postmenopausal women were included. Meta-analysis results showed that EN vs. N demonstrated a positive effect on BMD at the femoral neck (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.07–0.27, p = 0.0006), lumbar spine (SMD = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.07–0.33, p = 0.003), and total hip (SMD = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.03–0.28, p = 0.014). However, no statistically significant difference in BMD at the same anatomical site was observed EN vs. N. The robustness of the results of subgroup analysis is limited due to differences in intervention regimens, study populations, and sample sizes across different studies. Conclusions: Based on current evidence, there is insufficient support for universal evidence-based recommendations regarding specific combined intervention strategies. Trial registration/protocol registration: PROSPERO (CRD420251053527).
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        meta analysis
        research
        systematic review
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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