Parental Education Predicts Longitudinal IQ Trajectories in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Three‐Cohort European Study.
Background: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder characterised by a wide range of physical, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Current knowledge on 22q11DS highlights considerable variation in cognitive outcomes, but the role of environmental factors in shaping these trajector...
| Publicado en: | Journal of Intellectual Disability Research Vol. 69; no. 11; pp. 1304 - 1315 |
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
| Formato: | research tables/charts Journal Article |
| Publicado: |
Wiley-Blackwell
Nov2025
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| Acceso en línea: | Ver este registro en EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=189026927&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ccm uiTerm: 189026927 longDbName: CINAHL Complete uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: dissinfo: jinfo: jid: 09642633 EUL jtl: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research issn: 09642633 maglogo: Y pubinfo: dt: Nov2025 vid: 69 iid: 11 pid: 480 pub: Wiley-Blackwell place: Malden, Massachusetts artinfo: ui: 189026927 187111121 189026927 189026927 10.1111/jir.70025 189026927 ppf: 1304 ppct: 11 formats: fmt: – @attributes: type: T – @attributes: type: C – @attributes: type: P tig: atl: Parental Education Predicts Longitudinal IQ Trajectories in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Three‐Cohort European Study. aug: au: Snihirova, Yelyzaveta van Amelsvoort, Therese Swillen, Ann van den Bree, Marianne van der Meer, Dennis Harwood, Janet Vingerhoets, Claudia Linden, David E. J. affil: Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands sug: subj: Parents Educational Status Intelligence Evaluation 22q11 Deletion Syndrome Physiopathology 22q11 Deletion Syndrome Complications Intelligence Tests Cognition Environmental Exposure Human Funding Source Netherlands Male Female Child Adolescence Adult Middle Age Prospective Studies Socioeconomic Factors Descriptive Statistics Data Analysis Software Mann-Whitney U Test Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Chi Square Test Analysis of Variance Sleep Quality Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient Substance Use Disorders Multiple Linear Regression Stress, Psychological Repeated Measures Post Hoc Analysis Healthcare Disparities Questionnaires Child: 6-12 years Adolescent: 13-18 years Adult: 19-44 years Middle Aged: 45-64 years Male Female ab: Background: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder characterised by a wide range of physical, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Current knowledge on 22q11DS highlights considerable variation in cognitive outcomes, but the role of environmental factors in shaping these trajectories over time remains poorly understood. Aims: This study investigates how environmental factors contribute to variability in intelligence quotient (IQ) among individuals with 22q11DS across three European cohorts. By examining these influences over time, the research aims to identify potential drivers of IQ differences and uncover modifiable factors that may support improved cognitive outcomes in individuals with 22q11DS. Methods: Data were collected from 297 individuals with 22q11DS across three European cohorts. Cognitive assessments included full‐scale IQ (FSIQ), verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ). Environmental measures encompassed parental education, sleep, stress and substance use, gathered through questionnaires and interviews. Baseline associations between environmental measures and IQ were evaluated with ANOVA at the first assessment. To examine within‐person IQ change across three visits, we used linear mixed‐effects models. Results: We found a significant decline in FSIQ, VIQ and PIQ over time, with linear trends observed for all three measures. Parental education, particularly the father's education, explained a significant proportion of the variance of all IQ‐based measures. Conclusions: Parental education emerged as a key predictor of IQ, suggesting that socioeconomic factors contribute to cognitive performance variability in individuals with 22q11DS. Even in high‐penetrance genetic variants, such as the 22q11.2 deletion, environmental factors and gene–environment interactions may make significant contributions to the severity of phenotypes. pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: research tables/charts Journal Article ougenre: Article language: English refInfo: holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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