PassNum: A usable and secure method against repeated shoulder surfing.

Conventional PIN and password methods failed to be resilient against observational attacks. In the wake of usable security, this gap is filled with enormous proposals of graphical passwords that claim to be resistant but sacrifice the usability concerns in the shape of other afflictions (second devi...

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Publicado en:Behaviour & Information Technology Vol. 44; no. 17; pp. 4220 - 4247
Autores principales: Ahmad, Awais, Asif, Muhammad, Hamid, Isma, Aljuaid, Hanan
Formato: algorithm research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Taylor & Francis Ltd Oct2025
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Oct2025
      vid: 44
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      pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd
      place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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        10.1080/0144929X.2025.2469665
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        atl: PassNum: A usable and secure method against repeated shoulder surfing.
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          Ahmad, Awais
          Asif, Muhammad
          Hamid, Isma
          Aljuaid, Hanan
        affil: Department of Computer Science, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
      sug:
        subj:
          Computer Graphics
          Software Design
          Data Breach
          Systems Analysis
          Human
          Female
          Male
          Adolescence
          Young Adult
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Questionnaires
          Data Security
          Systems Implementation
          Graphical User Interface
          Cognition
          Thematic Analysis
          Analysis of Variance
          Repeated Measures
          T-Tests
          Post Hoc Analysis
          Data Analysis Software
          Descriptive Statistics
          Funding Source
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Female
          Male
      ab: Conventional PIN and password methods failed to be resilient against observational attacks. In the wake of usable security, this gap is filled with enormous proposals of graphical passwords that claim to be resistant but sacrifice the usability concerns in the shape of other afflictions (second device 'phone/PC', headset, vibration motor, weird hand motions). In comparison, we propose PassNum, a grid-based usable, deployable, and secure graphical PIN authentication method (GPA) in the replacement (for every device) of conventional PIN. It is low-cost, user-friendly (child vs. old), secure (high entropy), and has a compatible design for low-sensitive (social sites) to more sensitive (banking apps). Through extensive experiments with 32 participants, PassNum achieved 98% accuracy with 10 s login time (average scores) and 100% memorability (cumulative scores). Furthermore, the 4th variation of PassNum proves to be 100% resilient against even recurring (3 repeated login sessions) recorded shoulder surfing attacks. Our qualitative survey revealed that PassNum might be the prime replacement for conventional PIN and password methods.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        algorithm
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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