The Vulnerability Paradox in Global Mental Health: Psychologist Density, Social Development, and the Disease Burden of Mental Disorder.

Global efforts underscore the imperative of increasing the mental health workforce to improve mental health. However, the "vulnerability paradox" in global mental health questions the effectiveness of increased workforce. Evidence is lacking on whether mental health workforce input can reduce the di...

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Published in:International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction Vol. 23; no. 5; pp. 3975 - 3988
Main Authors: Chen, Yifan, Li, Xiao, Zhong, Yunxi, Li, Qixiu, Su, Xiaoying, Sun, Long
Format: Article
Published: Springer Nature Oct2025
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Oct2025
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      pub: Springer Nature
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        atl: The Vulnerability Paradox in Global Mental Health: Psychologist Density, Social Development, and the Disease Burden of Mental Disorder.
      aug:
        au:
          Chen, Yifan
          Li, Xiao
          Zhong, Yunxi
          Li, Qixiu
          Su, Xiaoying
          Sun, Long
        affil:
          https://ror.org/0207yh398 Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
          https://ror.org/0207yh398 National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), 250012, Jinan, China
          https://ror.org/0207yh398 Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
          https://ror.org/04gndp242 Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, 94404, South San Francisco, CA, USA
      su:
        Social development
        Mental illness
        Employment policy
        Precarity
        Analysis of variance
        Psychological well-being
        Global burden of disease
        Mental health personnel
      sug:
        subj:
          Social development
          Mental illness
          Employment policy
          Precarity
          Analysis of variance
          Psychological well-being
          Offices of Mental Health Practitioners (except Physicians)
          Global burden of disease
          Mental health personnel
      keyword:
        Disease Burden of Mental Disorders
        Medical and Health Sciences Public Health and Health Services
        Mental Health Workforce
        Psychologist Density
        Social Development
        Vulnerability Paradox
        Disease Burden of Mental Disorders
        Medical and Health Sciences Public Health and Health Services
        Mental Health Workforce
        Psychologist Density
        Social Development
        Vulnerability Paradox
      ab: Global efforts underscore the imperative of increasing the mental health workforce to improve mental health. However, the "vulnerability paradox" in global mental health questions the effectiveness of increased workforce. Evidence is lacking on whether mental health workforce input can reduce the disease burden of mental disorders at different levels of social development. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, United Nations Statistics, and Our World in Data and all data are publicly available. The concentration index (CCI) and slope index (SI) were used to assess psychologist density inequality across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Generalized additive mixed model was used to analyze the nonlinear associations among psychologist density, the socio-demographic index (SDI), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) of DALY for mental disorders. Psychologist density increased globally from 1990 to 2019, excluding Zimbabwe. The psychologist density SI increased from 3.8 in 1990 to 10.5 in 2019. CCI decreased from 66.8 in 1990 to 52.8 in 2019. The psychologists were concentrated in countries and territories with higher SDI rankings. Psychologist density had a negative nonlinear association with DALY ASR (EDF, 5.86; P<.001), with a slowing decline as psychologist density increased. SDI correlated positively with DALY ASRs (EDF, 6.36; P<.001). In the interaction between psychologist density and SDI, as SDI increased, the impact of the increase in psychologist density on the reduction of DALY ASRs for mental disorders gradually weakened. Despite an overall increase, substantial global inequality persists in psychologist density. Psychologist density has a notable negative nonlinear association with the disease burden of mental disorders, with varying input-response relationships across different SDI levels. Formulating equity-oriented mental health workforce policies and allocating resources to low human resources for mental health and underdeveloped areas are imperative. And consider reshaping mental health services rather than just increasing the mental health workforce, especially in high-development areas.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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