Hybrid translation for sign languages: combining rule-based and neural machine translation in a low-resource scenario.

Machine translation into sign language (or Sign Language Machine Translation—SLMT) presents a promising and emerging solution for overcoming barriers to information access and communication among Deaf individuals. However, the development of such systems is particularly challenging due to the low-re...

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Published in:Language Resources & Evaluation Vol. 59; no. 4; pp. 4155 - 4193
Main Authors: Silva, Diego R. B. da, Lima, Manuella A. C. B., Moreira, Samuel de M., Campos, Virginia P., Costa, Renan P. O., de Araújo, Tiago M. U., Costa, Rostand E. O., de Souza, Daniel F. L., de Albuquerque, Dilainne D.
Format: Article
Published: Springer Nature Dec2025
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Dec2025
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        10.1007/s10579-025-09874-9
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        atl: Hybrid translation for sign languages: combining rule-based and neural machine translation in a low-resource scenario.
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          Silva, Diego R. B. da
          Lima, Manuella A. C. B.
          Moreira, Samuel de M.
          Campos, Virginia P.
          Costa, Renan P. O.
          de Araújo, Tiago M. U.
          Costa, Rostand E. O.
          de Souza, Daniel F. L.
          de Albuquerque, Dilainne D.
        affil:
          https://ror.org/00p9vpz11 Digital Video Applications Lab (LAVID), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
          https://ror.org/04wn09761 Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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        Sign language
        Machine translating
        Rule-based programming
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          Sign language
          Machine translating
          Rule-based programming
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        Communication and Culture Linguistics Information and Computing Sciences Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing
        Datasets
        Language
        Machine translation
        Multimedia platforms
      ab: Machine translation into sign language (or Sign Language Machine Translation—SLMT) presents a promising and emerging solution for overcoming barriers to information access and communication among Deaf individuals. However, the development of such systems is particularly challenging due to the low-resource nature of sign languages, including Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), which is the focus of this study. To address this challenge, we propose a hybrid machine translation approach for Brazilian Portuguese to Libras. Our solution combines text-to-gloss translation, integrating both rule-based and neural machine translation methods. The advantage of this strategy lies in using rule-based preprocessing for deterministic tasks, while a neural data-driven model handles more complex tasks, such as word-sense disambiguation, directional verbs, intensifier adverbs, and negative incorporation. This approach enhances both the fluency and naturalness of the translations. To support this approach, we constructed a new parallel corpus consisting of 70,000 sentence pairs (Brazilian Portuguese and corresponding Libras glosses). We also conducted computational experiments and user tests to compare our hybrid approach with the existing rule-based version of VLibras, which is currently deployed across thousands of Brazilian websites. The results indicate that our approach outperforms the current version, offering a promising direction for advancing SLMT solutions in low-resource contexts.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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          year: 2025
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