Water (In)Accessibility, Healthcare Delivery, and Patients' Health Outcomes in Ghana: Perspectives from the Yendi Hospital.

Background: Access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is internationally recognized as a fundamental human right and an essential determinant of health. Yet, many healthcare facilities in sub-Saharan Africa face persistent WASH deficits, undermining safe and effective care delivery. A...

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Published in:Nursing Reports Vol. 15; no. 12; pp. 418 - 435
Main Authors: Kwame, Abukari, Siiba, Alhassan, Apatinga, Gervin A., Owusu, Francis Kwaku
Format: pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: MDPI Dec2025
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Dec2025
      vid: 15
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      pub: MDPI
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        atl: Water (In)Accessibility, Healthcare Delivery, and Patients' Health Outcomes in Ghana: Perspectives from the Yendi Hospital.
      aug:
        au:
          Kwame, Abukari
          Siiba, Alhassan
          Apatinga, Gervin A.
          Owusu, Francis Kwaku
        affil: College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Prince Albert Campus, Prince Albert, SK S6V 4E4, Canada
      sug:
        subj:
          Health Care Delivery
          Outcomes (Health Care)
          Water Supply Evaluation
          Hospitals, Public Ghana
          Patient Attitudes
          Professional-Patient Relations
          Referral and Consultation
          Ghana
          Human
          Male
          Female
          Adolescence
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Qualitative Studies
          Phenomenology
          Ethnographic Research
          Semi-Structured Interview
          Focus Groups
          Open-Ended Questionnaires
          Interview Guides
          Audiorecording
          Purposive Sample
          Nursing Staff, Hospital
          Caregivers
          Thematic Analysis
          Coding
          Descriptive Statistics
          Patient Rights
          Infection Control
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Background: Access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is internationally recognized as a fundamental human right and an essential determinant of health. Yet, many healthcare facilities in sub-Saharan Africa face persistent WASH deficits, undermining safe and effective care delivery. Aim: To explore how water (in)accessibility influences patient healthcare experiences and patient–provider relationships in Yendi Hospital, a major referral facility in northern Ghana. Methods: Using a qualitative design, we gathered data from patients (n = 21), caregivers (n = 11), and nurses (n = 11) through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and a focus group to document their lived experiences and perceptions. We transcribed and inductively coded the data for thematic analysis. Results: Our key findings reveal that water inaccessibility is not solely an infrastructural issue but also a pervasive challenge with profound implications for care delivery. Patients and caregivers often leave the hospital to bathe at home, resulting in missed ward rounds, delayed reviews, and/or refusal of admission. Nurses described how water inaccessibility disrupted clinical routines and strained relationships with patients and caregivers. These dynamics eroded trust, rapport, and professional morale, while exacerbating inequities in healthcare access and outcomes. Conclusions: This study underscores that addressing water challenges in the hospital is imperative not only for infection control but also for fostering equity, patient rights, and institutional resilience. We argue that policy interventions to strengthen WASH systems are urgently required to advance progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 6.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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