Ocular measures of controlled processing: Examining the use of proactive cognitive control in the AX-CPT.

Assessing the use of proactive cognitive control is essential for understanding how thoughts and actions are regulated. The present study aimed to determine whether proactive control can be measured through patterns of eye movements during the cue–probe delay in a spatially modified AX-CPT. Across t...

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Publicado en:Memory & Cognition Vol. 54; no. 1; pp. 169 - 200
Autores principales: Reimer, Jason F., Rosales, Kevin P., Sierra, Anthony, Mobly, Kyle, Rivera, Andrew
Formato: Artículo
Publicado: Springer Nature Jan2026
Materias:
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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          Reimer, Jason F.
          Rosales, Kevin P.
          Sierra, Anthony
          Mobly, Kyle
          Rivera, Andrew
        affil:
          https://ror.org/02n651896 Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, 92407, San Bernardino, CA, USA
          https://ror.org/02n651896 Department of Child Development, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA
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        California
        Control (Psychology)
        Task performance
        Undergraduates
        Analysis of variance
        College students
        Repeated measures design
        Cognitive testing
        Prompts (Psychology)
        Research funding
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          Control (Psychology)
          Task performance
          Undergraduates
          Analysis of variance
          College students
          California
          Repeated measures design
          Cognitive testing
          Prompts (Psychology)
          Research funding
          Data analysis
          Eye movement measurements
          Descriptive statistics
          Experimental design
          Neuropsychological tests
          Statistics
          Reaction time
          Data analysis software
          Comparative studies
          Motion capture (Human mechanics)
          Regression analysis
      keyword:
        Cognitive control
        Cue maintenance
        Eye movements
        Inhibitory control
        Proactive control
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Psychology
        Cognitive control
        Cue maintenance
        Eye movements
        Inhibitory control
        Proactive control
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Psychology
      ab: Assessing the use of proactive cognitive control is essential for understanding how thoughts and actions are regulated. The present study aimed to determine whether proactive control can be measured through patterns of eye movements during the cue–probe delay in a spatially modified AX-CPT. Across two experiments, we found that gaze activity at screen locations where cues and probes appeared predicted both the extent of proactive control adopted by participants and their ability to override a prepotent response tendency. However, the specific cognitive processes underlying the engagement of proactive control varied depending on task demands. Specifically, when the cue–probe delay was relatively short (Experiment 1), proactive control was characterized by rapid shifts in visual attention to support cognitive demands associated with frequent changes in the location of probe stimuli. In contrast, when the cue–probe delay was extended (Experiment 2), proactive control aligned with traditional conceptualizations, relying more on increased cue maintenance. Together, these results demonstrate that eye-movement patterns may serve as the foundation for ocular-based measures of proactive control, enabling further investigation into factors influencing its engagement and potential individual differences in its use. Implications that the results have for theories of controlled processing and inhibitory control are discussed.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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