A Longitudinal Study of Head Circumference Trajectories in Autism and Autistic Traits.

Increased head circumference is an established finding in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, it is unclear when this increase occurs, if it persists and whether it manifests across the whole ASD spectrum. Head circumference is a strong predictor of brain size and can therefore provide key insi...

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Published in:Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders Vol. 56; no. 2; pp. 808 - 819
Main Authors: Ashley, Sarah A., Merritt, Kate, Solmi, Francesca, Laguna, Pedro L., Reichenberg, Abraham, David, Anthony S.
Format: research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Springer Nature Feb2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Feb2026
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      pub: Springer Nature
      place: New York, New York
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          Ashley, Sarah A.
          Merritt, Kate
          Solmi, Francesca
          Laguna, Pedro L.
          Reichenberg, Abraham
          David, Anthony S.
        affil: https://ror.org/02jx3x895 Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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          Head Circumference In Adolescence
          Head Circumference In Infancy and Childhood
          Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis
          Brain Physiology
          Neurodevelopment
          Human
          United Kingdom
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          Post Hoc Analysis
          T-Tests
          Child: 6-12 years
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Increased head circumference is an established finding in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, it is unclear when this increase occurs, if it persists and whether it manifests across the whole ASD spectrum. Head circumference is a strong predictor of brain size and can therefore provide key insights into brain development in ASD. We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to compare head circumference trajectories from birth to 15 years in children with an ASD diagnosis (N = 78, controls = 6,404) or elevated autistic traits as measured using the Social Communication Disorder Checklist (N = 639, controls = 6,230). Exploratory analyses were conducted in those with ASD and co-morbid cognitive learning needs (CLN). Children with an ASD diagnosis had larger head circumference from birth across childhood and adolescence compared to controls in univariable (B = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28–1.09, p = 0.001) and multivariable models (B = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.003–0.75, p = 0.048). Differences were more marked in those with co-morbid CLN. Children with elevated autistic traits had significantly smaller head circumference compared to controls. There was weak evidence of group differences when height was included as a covariate. Head circumference trajectories in ASD deviate from control children and persist until adolescence. Autistic traits were associated with smaller head circumference, suggesting distinct growth trajectories between clinical cases from those with non-clinical traits.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
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    language: English
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