| Sumario: | This article examines patterns of religious mobilizations, particularly those involving Islamic organizations, elites' conflicts, and their influence in shaping state control over religion in Indonesia. It explores key events from the early 1900s, following the implementation of ethical policies, and the brief period of Japan's occupation to the end of the Sukarno era in 1965, to contextualize the conditions that allowed the institutionalization of Islam. The first period was marked by early mobilization, during which Islamic organizations took part in anti-colonial movements. During the Japanese occupation, Islam was seen as a significant ally and was accommodated largely by the colonial state. This resulted in the institutionalization of religion in the bureaucracy, which remains in place today. Meanwhile, the period from early independence until 1965 was characterized by intensified contestation, during which nationalists, communists, and the Islamic groups vied for political and economic resources.
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