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Advances in neuromodulation for drug ? resistant epilepsy: transitioning from open ? loop stimulation to closed?loop stimulation.

Over the recent years, electrical stimulation therapy has rapidly evolved as a commonly used neuromodulation therapy for epilepsy. Although open - loop stimulation [such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and anterior nucleus of the thalamus deep brain stimulation (ANT-DBS)] has achieved certain succe...

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Publicado en:Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery Vol. 26; no. 1; pp. 50 - 57
Autores principales: PING, An, ZHU, Jun-ming
Formato: Journal Article
Publicado: Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery Jan2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jan2026
      vid: 26
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      pub: Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery
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        191474748
        10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2026.01.007
        191474748
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        atl: Advances in neuromodulation for drug ? resistant epilepsy: transitioning from open ? loop stimulation to closed?loop stimulation.
      aug:
        au:
          PING, An
          ZHU, Jun-ming
        affil: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
      sug:
        subj:
          Epilepsy Therapy
          Drug Resistance
          Electric Stimulation Methods
          Deep Brain Stimulation
          Brain Physiology
          Health Care Delivery
          Individualized Medicine
      ab: Over the recent years, electrical stimulation therapy has rapidly evolved as a commonly used neuromodulation therapy for epilepsy. Although open - loop stimulation [such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and anterior nucleus of the thalamus deep brain stimulation (ANT-DBS)] has achieved certain success in treating drug -resistant epilepsy, its fixed -parameters, continuous stimulation paradigm suffers from limitations such as a mismatch between timing and dosage, poor individual adaptability, and more. In contrast, closed - loop stimulation [exemplified by responsive neurostimulator system (RNS)] significantly enhances treatment precision and energy efficiency by monitoring brain activity in real time and delivering responsive stimulation before or during seizures. It also leverages long-term data to optimize stimulation parameters and promote brain network remodeling. This review outlines the development, mechanisms, and recent advances in drug-resistant epilepsy neuromodulation from open-loop stimulation to closed-loop stimulation, and discusses future prospects for more predictive, adaptive, and network-oriented approaches, providing a theoretical foundation for personalized and precise epilepsy treatment.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: Chinese
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