What are escapists made of, and what does it have to do with excessive gambling and gaming?

Research shows that escapism and frustration of basic psychological needs are linked with gambling and gaming problems, but an effect of escapism combined with restricted autonomy, competence, and relatedness on excessive gambling and gaming remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to identify...

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Published in:International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 1 - 19
Main Authors: Jouhki, Hannu, Savolainen, Iina, Hagfors, Heli, Vuorinen, Ilkka, Oksanen, Atte
Format: Article
Published: Springer Nature Feb2026
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Feb2026
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        atl: What are escapists made of, and what does it have to do with excessive gambling and gaming?
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          Jouhki, Hannu
          Savolainen, Iina
          Hagfors, Heli
          Vuorinen, Ilkka
          Oksanen, Atte
        affil:
          https://ror.org/033003e23 Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland
          https://ror.org/05shr7d71 A-Clinic Foundation, Helsinki, Finland
      su:
        Gaming disorder
        Autonomy (Psychology)
        Self-efficacy
        Compulsive gambling
        Dissociation (Psychology)
        Deprivation (Psychology)
        Finns
        Longitudinal method
      sug:
        subj:
          Gaming disorder
          Autonomy (Psychology)
          Self-efficacy
          Compulsive gambling
          Dissociation (Psychology)
          Deprivation (Psychology)
          Finns
          Longitudinal method
      keyword:
        Autonomy
        Competence
        Escapism
        Excessive gambling
        Excessive gaming
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Psychology
        Self-determination
        Autonomy
        Competence
        Escapism
        Excessive gambling
        Excessive gaming
        Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Psychology
        Self-determination
      ab: Research shows that escapism and frustration of basic psychological needs are linked with gambling and gaming problems, but an effect of escapism combined with restricted autonomy, competence, and relatedness on excessive gambling and gaming remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to identify shared characteristics of people who engage in escapist behavior and analyze to what extent the interaction of escapism and basic psychological need frustration predicts excessive gambling and gaming. We conducted a five-wave longitudinal survey with Finnish residents aged 18–75 years (n = 1530, 50.33% male) from April 2021 (T1) to April–May 2023 (T5). Measures included the Problem Gambling Severity Index, the ten-item Internet Gaming Disorder Test, and three escapism-specific questions. We analyzed the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale, sociodemographic controls, and personality traits using multilevel regression models. We found that escapism was related to autonomy frustration, competence frustration, male gender, impulsivity, openness, and having a significant other who has experienced gambling problems. Escapism predicted excessive gambling, and competence frustration moderated this association. Escapism also predicted excessive gaming, and autonomy frustration and competence frustration moderated this association. Research on and treatment of excessive gambling and gaming should consider these underlying factors driving escapism.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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