The Expression Regulation Scale (ERS): Validation of Three Emotion Domains for Expressive Norms with Close and Distant Others in Private and Public Situations.

The social norms that guide emotional expression are critical for successful interpersonal interaction. However, the intricate emotional architecture underpinning these norms has remained largely unexplored. Our study is the first to rigorously investigate "display rules" or expressive norms for a c...

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Publicado en:Assessment Vol. 33; no. 3; pp. 439 - 458
Autores principales: Monaghan, Conal, Shou, Yiyun, Mewton, Paige, Quayle, Anika, Dawel, Amy
Formato: research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Sage Publications Inc. Apr2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Apr2026
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      pub: Sage Publications Inc.
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        atl: The Expression Regulation Scale (ERS): Validation of Three Emotion Domains for Expressive Norms with Close and Distant Others in Private and Public Situations.
      aug:
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          Monaghan, Conal
          Shou, Yiyun
          Mewton, Paige
          Quayle, Anika
          Dawel, Amy
        affil: The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
      sug:
        subj:
          Social Norms
          Emotional Regulation
          Interpersonal Relations
          Social Behavior
          Cultural Competence
          Conceptual Framework
          Human
          Funding Source
          United Kingdom
          Algorithms
          Factor Analysis
          Validation Studies
          Repeated Measures
          Crowdsourcing
          Quota Sample
          Chi Square Test
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Aged
          Aged, 80 and Over
          Descriptive Statistics
          Scales
          Questionnaires
          Kruskal-Wallis Test
          Analysis of Variance
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Aged: 65+ years
          Aged, 80 & over
      ab: The social norms that guide emotional expression are critical for successful interpersonal interaction. However, the intricate emotional architecture underpinning these norms has remained largely unexplored. Our study is the first to rigorously investigate "display rules" or expressive norms for a comprehensive set of 64 theory-based emotions, utilizing a representative sample from the United Kingdom. The sample reflected national census demographics based on age, sex, and ethnicity. We measured expressive norms ranging from suppression to amplification in four social situations, combining two settings (public vs. private) and interactant types (close relations vs. distant others). Using a theory-building subsample (n = 507), we employed ant colony optimization (AOC) algorithms and a suite of factor analytical techniques to distill the emotions into three domains: affiliative, vulnerable, and disruptive. Subsequent validation in a separate confirmatory subsample (n = 506) supported this structure in all four situations (conditions), providing evidence these domains were robust. Notably, this new Expression Regulation Scale (ERS) demonstrated scalar invariance across all situations using repeated measures confirmatory factor analysis. We introduce scoring metrics and norms to aid researchers and practitioners in their analytical endeavors and highlight potential avenues for future research aimed at enriching our understanding of expression regulation.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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