A Dyadic Perspective on ADHD: Adolescent–Parent Reports of Behavioural Problems and Family Functioning.

Diagnosing behavioural problems in adolescents often relies on subjective reports from parents or caregivers. Systemic theory emphasizes the need for multiple perspectives, including those of the adolescent. This study examined the alignment between adolescents' and parents' perceptions of behaviour...

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Published in:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy Vol. 33; no. 1; pp. 1 - 14
Main Authors: Sitnik‐Warchulska, Katarzyna, Izydorczyk, Bernadetta, Sawicki, Artur, Markevych, Iana, Szwed, Marcin, Lipowska, Małgorzata
Format: research tables/charts Journal Article
Published: Wiley-Blackwell Jan/Feb2026
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Jan/Feb2026
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
      place: Malden, Massachusetts
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        10.1002/cpp.70230
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        atl: A Dyadic Perspective on ADHD: Adolescent–Parent Reports of Behavioural Problems and Family Functioning.
      aug:
        au:
          Sitnik‐Warchulska, Katarzyna
          Izydorczyk, Bernadetta
          Sawicki, Artur
          Markevych, Iana
          Szwed, Marcin
          Lipowska, Małgorzata
        affil: Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
      sug:
        subj:
          Children with Disabilities Psychosocial Factors
          Persons with Mental Disorders Psychosocial Factors
          Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Physiopathology
          Parents of Children with Disabilities Psychosocial Factors
          Patient Attitudes
          Parental Attitudes
          Externalizing Behavior Evaluation
          Internalizing Behavior Evaluation
          Family Relations Evaluation
          Family Functioning Evaluation
          Human
          Poland
          Funding Source
          Child
          Adolescence
          Male
          Female
          Descriptive Statistics
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Child Behavior Checklist
          Checklists
          Scales
          Externalizing Behavior Risk Factors
          Internalizing Behavior Risk Factors
          Risk Assessment
          Externalizing Behavior Prevention and Control
          Internalizing Behavior Prevention and Control
          Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
          Nonparametric Statistics
          Data Analysis Software
          Confidence Intervals
          Child: 6-12 years
          Adolescent: 13-18 years
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Diagnosing behavioural problems in adolescents often relies on subjective reports from parents or caregivers. Systemic theory emphasizes the need for multiple perspectives, including those of the adolescent. This study examined the alignment between adolescents' and parents' perceptions of behavioural problems in ADHD and non‐ADHD groups and explored how family cohesion and flexibility explain the severity of externalizing and internalizing behaviours from both perspectives. Participants included 214 adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and their parents (adolescents: Mage = 11.24, SD = 0.91, 75.23% boys; parents: Mage = 41.92, SD = 6.43, 84.11% mothers) and 514 adolescents without ADHD and their parents (adolescents: Mage = 11.34, SD = 0.75, 51.56% boys; parents: Mage = 42.29, SD = 5.58, 87.55% mothers), from 18 cities in southern Poland. The variables were measured using the ASEBA instruments (Child Behaviour Checklist, Youth Self Report) and the Family Adaptation and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. Data were analysed using Actor–Partner Interdependence Models to examine actor and partner associations within adolescent–parent dyads. More boys were diagnosed with ADHD, showing slightly more externalizing problems than girls. Lower family flexibility predicted externalizing behaviours, with parent‐rated flexibility linked to parent‐rated behaviours, and adolescent‐rated flexibility linked to adolescent‐rated behaviours. Adolescent‐rated family cohesion rated by adolescents predicted fewer externalizing behaviours as reported by parents in the ADHD group and by adolescents in the non‐ADHD group. Internalizing behaviours were linked to family flexibility and cohesion, regardless of the actor (adolescent or parent). The predominance of actor effects indicates that each informant's perception of family functioning is uniquely linked to their own reports of symptoms; given only moderate parent‐adolescent agreement, these perspectives appear complementary rather than redundant. Assessing behavioural problems requires data from both parents and adolescents, as family cohesion and flexibility significantly impact adolescent functioning. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04574414. Summary: Parental reports are the primary source of diagnostic information for adolescents with ADHD, which may limit the assessment of the full ADHD spectrum.In contemporary systemic approaches, individual and family perspectives may differ, with circular interactional patterns shaping the expression and perception of symptoms.Divergence between parental and adolescent perceptions of family dynamics, such as cohesion and flexibility, is likely associated with lower adolescent well‐being and increased behavioural problems.Assessment of behavioural problems, including ADHD, is strengthened by integrating complementary perspectives from adolescents and parents, with family dynamics offering valuable insights into symptom perception.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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