Multiplexity 2.0: power and pluralism in the post-liberal age.

This article, and the special section in International Affairs it introduces, ask: how can we best read the post-liberal era of world politics? The resurgence of hard power has led many to turn to realism, even as a liberal lens reveals key features of the world we inherited. Meanwhile, diverse stat...

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Published in:International Affairs Vol. 102; no. 2; pp. 319 - 336
Main Authors: Fisher-Onar, Nora, Roy, Indrajit
Format: Article
Published: Oxford University Press / USA Mar2026
Subjects:
Online Access:View this record in EBSCOhost
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      dt: Mar2026
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        10.1093/ia/iiag027
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        atl: Multiplexity 2.0: power and pluralism in the post-liberal age.
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          Fisher-Onar, Nora
          Roy, Indrajit
        affil:
          University of San Francisco, CA 94117-1080, US
          University of York, Department of Politics and International Relations, York YO10 5DD, UK
      su:
        Realism
        Social influence
        Liberalism
        International relations
        Complexity (Philosophy)
        International relations theory
        Non-state actors (International relations)
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          Realism
          Social influence
          Liberalism
          International relations
          International Affairs
          Foreign affairs
          Complexity (Philosophy)
          International relations theory
          Non-state actors (International relations)
      keyword:
        complexity
        copyrightHolder:The Royal Institute of International Affairs
        copyrightYear:2026
        geopolitics
        global justice
        global South
        inLanguage:en
        liberalism
        publisher:Oxford University Press
        realism
        sameAs:https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiag027
        complexity
        copyrightHolder:The Royal Institute of International Affairs
        copyrightYear:2026
        geopolitics
        global justice
        global South
        inLanguage:en
        liberalism
        publisher:Oxford University Press
        realism
        sameAs:https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiag027
      ab: This article, and the special section in International Affairs it introduces, ask: how can we best read the post-liberal era of world politics? The resurgence of hard power has led many to turn to realism, even as a liberal lens reveals key features of the world we inherited. Meanwhile, diverse state and non-state actors around the globe are (re)asserting their voices in international affairs. This introduction to the special section builds on Amitav Acharya's work to offer a vision of 'multiplexity 2.0' that captures the interface of hard power, soft power and global diversity. It does so by unpacking the key components of Acharya's concept—'multiplicity' and 'complexity'. Doing so, we contend, captures: 1) the rapidly multiplying set of actors, ideas and structural forces shaping our system's transformation, while 2) reading the interactions between these parameters through the lens of complexity theory. A 'multiplicity + complexity = multiplexity 2.0' approach captures non-linear, multidirectional patterns for an ultimately more 'realistic' reading of world (dis)order.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype: Article
      src: R
    language: English
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