What if there is a better way? Investigating upward counterfactual thinking as a metacognitive self‐regulatory strategy for job crafting.

This study investigates whether encouraging employees to actively reframe their thinking can stimulate behavioural job crafting, that is, optimizing their job demands and resources. Grounded in the functional theory of counterfactual thinking (CFT), we theorize that upward CFT—mentally contrasting n...

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Publicado en:Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology Vol. 99; no. 1; pp. 1 - 27
Autores principales: De Boeck, Giverny, Liu, Yukun
Formato: research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Wiley-Blackwell Mar2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Mar2026
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      pub: Wiley-Blackwell
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        atl: What if there is a better way? Investigating upward counterfactual thinking as a metacognitive self‐regulatory strategy for job crafting.
      aug:
        au:
          De Boeck, Giverny
          Liu, Yukun
        affil: IESEG School of Management, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9221‐LEM‐Lille Economie Management, Lille, France
      sug:
        subj:
          Cognition
          Self Regulation
          Employee Attitudes
          Job Performance Evaluation
          Thinking
          Motivation
          Task Performance and Analysis
          Human
          Funding Source
          Goal-Setting
          Avoidance (Psychology)
          Cross Sectional Studies
          Descriptive Statistics
          Work Engagement
          Adult
          Quasi-Experimental Studies
          Path Analysis
          Linear Regression
          Scales
          Organizational Culture
          Male
          Female
          Models, Psychological
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Male
          Female
      ab: This study investigates whether encouraging employees to actively reframe their thinking can stimulate behavioural job crafting, that is, optimizing their job demands and resources. Grounded in the functional theory of counterfactual thinking (CFT), we theorize that upward CFT—mentally contrasting negative work situations with better imagined alternatives—can function as a self‐regulatory strategy that helps people to recognize and act on job crafting opportunities by triggering proactive goal setting. In Study 1, we find significant correlations between upward self‐referent (S‐R) CFT and approach‐ and avoidance‐oriented job crafting using cross‐sectional data (N = 201). In Study 2, we develop and test a new electronic upward S‐R CFT micro‐intervention using a 10‐day experience sampling study (N = 191). Specifically, we demonstrate that this micro‐intervention indirectly promotes daily job crafting behaviours in workers through triggering proactive goal setting, which in turn enhances their work engagement and task performance. Our research seeks to contribute to Job Demands‐Resources theory by integrating upward S‐R CFT as a metacognitive strategy that can motivate people to set and act on job crafting goals, thereby addressing calls for deeper insight into the psychological mechanisms underlying job crafting. Practically, we offer a scalable self‐regulatory tool to complement existing job crafting interventions.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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