The 4Cs in youth sport: investigating psychometric multidimensionality, measurement invariance and criterion-related validity.
The 4Cs of positive youth development have been proposed as an appropriate framework for assessing athlete outcomes across various sport domains. However, the psychometric multidimensionality of the full 4C model has not been rigorously investigated. This study examined the psychometric multidimensi...
| Publicado en: | International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol. 24; no. 3; pp. 431 - 452 |
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| Autores principales: | , , |
| Formato: | Artículo |
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Taylor & Francis Ltd
Mar2026
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | Ver este registro en EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ssf&AN=192585207&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ssf uiTerm: 192585207 longDbName: Social Sciences Full Text (H.W. Wilson) uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: jinfo: jid: 1612197X UXG jtl: International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology issn: 1612197X maglogo: N pubinfo: dt: Mar2026 vid: 24 iid: 3 pid: 377 pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd artinfo: ui: 192585207 10.1080/1612197X.2025.2456922 ppf: 431 ppct: 21 formats: fmt: – @attributes: type: T – @attributes: type: P size: 660KB tig: atl: The 4Cs in youth sport: investigating psychometric multidimensionality, measurement invariance and criterion-related validity. aug: au: Chan, Melvin Si Hui Regina, Lim Koon Teck, Koh affil: Office for Research, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Physical Education and Sports Science Department at the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore su: Confirmatory factor analysis Psychometrics Structural equation modeling Youth development Predictive validity Sports for children sug: subj: Confirmatory factor analysis Psychometrics Structural equation modeling Youth development Predictive validity Sports for children keyword: 4C ESEM Positive youth development psychometric multidimensionality sport 4C ESEM Positive youth development psychometric multidimensionality sport ab: The 4Cs of positive youth development have been proposed as an appropriate framework for assessing athlete outcomes across various sport domains. However, the psychometric multidimensionality of the full 4C model has not been rigorously investigated. This study examined the psychometric multidimensionality of the 4C model, comprising 10 subfactors, among youth team sport athletes (N = 510). We systematically compared confirmatory factor analyses and exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM), along with their bifactor and hierarchical extensions, and discussed the empirical and practical appropriateness of these models. We further examined construct validity by testing measurement invariance over gender and sport type (contact, non-contact), and criterion-related validity on different aspects of peer motivational climate. ESEM was the optimal model, exhibiting construct and practical utility. Measurement invariance was broadly observed with four variant items; implications are discussed. Peer mastery climate was associated with positive outcome factors (e.g., competence, connection), while peer ego climate was associated with less desirable sport character (i.e., antisocial behaviours). pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: Article src: R language: English refInfo: copyright: @attributes: flag: N holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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