Naturalistic verbal and non-verbal encouragement in athletic performance assessments: A mixed-methods study.
Social influence through verbal encouragement (VE) or non-verbal encouragement (NVE) aims to support athletes by mobilising resources. Its effectiveness has already been studied in sports by comparing performances with or without VE to investigate the performance-enhancing effect. However, these stu...
| Publicado en: | Journal of Sports Sciences Vol. 44; no. 9; pp. 1113 - 1127 |
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| Autores principales: | , , , |
| Formato: | pictorial tables/charts Journal Article |
| Publicado: |
Taylor & Francis Ltd
May2026
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| Acceso en línea: | Ver este registro en EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=192936145&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ccm uiTerm: 192936145 longDbName: CINAHL Complete uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: dissinfo: jinfo: jid: 02640414 5BV jtl: Journal of Sports Sciences issn: 02640414 maglogo: Y pubinfo: dt: May2026 vid: 44 iid: 9 pid: 377 pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania artinfo: ui: 192936145 191759219 192936145 192936145 10.1080/02640414.2026.2632508 192936145 ppf: 1113 ppct: 14 formats: tig: atl: Naturalistic verbal and non-verbal encouragement in athletic performance assessments: A mixed-methods study. aug: au: van Meurs, Edda Nieto, Margaret Strauss, Bernd Harenberg, Sebastian affil: Department of Sport & Exercise Psychology, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, Germany sug: subj: Athletic Performance Evaluation Support, Social Hockey Canada Verbal Behavior Nonverbal Communication Task Performance and Analysis Adolescent Psychology Human Funding Source Male Female Adolescence Adult Nonexperimental Studies Multimethod Studies Physical Endurance Canada Athletes Psychosocial Factors Convenience Sample Videorecording Self Report Descriptive Statistics Comparative Studies Summated Rating Scaling Multivariate Analysis of Variance Nonparametric Statistics Multiple Logistic Regression Data Analysis Software Team Sports Motivation Sex Factors Adolescent: 13-18 years Adult: 19-44 years Male Female ab: Social influence through verbal encouragement (VE) or non-verbal encouragement (NVE) aims to support athletes by mobilising resources. Its effectiveness has already been studied in sports by comparing performances with or without VE to investigate the performance-enhancing effect. However, these studies use standardised formulations, given at regular intervals by experimenters who are unknown to the participants, reducing the external validity. This may result in an underestimation of the actual effect. To date, no empirical evidence exists to characterise VE and NVE. The present study analyses the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of VE and NVE. We hypothesised that both would become more frequent the more demanding the task becomes. We video-recorded 39 Canadian hockey student-athletes (49% female, Mage = 20.97, SDage = 1.91). VE and NVE of the encouraging athletes on the sideline per second were coded, transcribed, and the content explored using deductive-inductive thematic analysis. We found that VE and NVE increased over time and that male and female athletes encouraged differently. Statements could be classified as informational, appraisal or tangible support. The results of the analysis can be used as a framework for naturalistic encouragement in future operationalisations. Moreover, we highlight the interpersonal differences in encouragement behaviour, specifically between men and women. pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: pictorial tables/charts Journal Article ougenre: Article language: English refInfo: holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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