| Sumario: | China's restrictive approach to the use of force is primarily reflected in its emphasis on the central role of the Security Council, the strict interpretation of the temporal and target requirements of self-defence, and skepticism regarding the use of force outside the UN framework. The rationale for China's restrictive stance is partly endogenous, determined primarily by its philosophy and military strategy of self-restraint, and partly exogenous, influenced by its decisive position in the Security Council. The challenges posed by cyber operations to the use of force are mainly evident in the difficulties of attribution, the evolving means, aims, and effects of cyber-warfare, and the legal ambiguities arising from the asymmetry of offensive and defensive costs. China's stance in cyberspace will be significantly affected by its traditional approach, which stems from the resilience of established rules, strategic inheritance, and tactical cautiousness.
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