Arthroscopic Findings After Osteochondral Allografts of the Knee: Proposed Classification Scheme and Associations With Graft Failure.

Background: Limited studies exist on the gross appearance of osteochondral allografts (OCAs) at the time of second-look arthroscopy to determine whether the graft and adjacent cartilage have signs of degeneration contributing to failure. Purpose: To describe the gross appearance of OCAs and the adja...

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Publicado en:American Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 54; no. 6; pp. 1395 - 1405
Autores principales: Oppenheim, Zachary R., Moran, Thomas E., Phillips, Andrew, Richter, Camden, Singh, Harmanjeet, Bi, Andrew S., Cole, Brian J., Yanke, Adam B.
Formato: pictorial research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Sage Publications Inc. May2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      jtl: American Journal of Sports Medicine
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      dt: May2026
      vid: 54
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      pub: Sage Publications Inc.
      place: Thousand Oaks, California
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        atl: Arthroscopic Findings After Osteochondral Allografts of the Knee: Proposed Classification Scheme and Associations With Graft Failure.
      aug:
        au:
          Oppenheim, Zachary R.
          Moran, Thomas E.
          Phillips, Andrew
          Richter, Camden
          Singh, Harmanjeet
          Bi, Andrew S.
          Cole, Brian J.
          Yanke, Adam B.
        affil: Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
      sug:
        subj:
          Knee Joint Surgery
          Arthroscopy Methods
          Allografts Adverse Effects
          Cartilage, Articular Pathology
          Treatment Failure Classification
          Intraoperative Care Methods
          Reoperation
          Human
          Female
          Male
          Adult
          Retrospective Design
          Record Review
          Tissue Transplantation Adverse Effects
          Knee Joint Pathology
          Case Studies
          Graft Survival Classification
          Bone Transplantation
          Cartilage, Articular Surgery
          Allografts Classification
          Comparative Studies
          Correlational Studies
          Prospective Studies
          Descriptive Statistics
          Univariate Statistics
          Case Control Studies
          Multivariate Analysis
          Multiple Logistic Regression
          Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
          T-Tests
          Fisher's Exact Test
          Data Analysis Software
          Questionnaires
          Odds Ratio
          Confidence Intervals
          Two-Tailed Test
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Female
          Male
      ab: Background: Limited studies exist on the gross appearance of osteochondral allografts (OCAs) at the time of second-look arthroscopy to determine whether the graft and adjacent cartilage have signs of degeneration contributing to failure. Purpose: To describe the gross appearance of OCAs and the adjacent cartilage at the time of a second-look knee operation to help propose an accurate definition of structural and clinical OCA failure and to standardize and classify the intraoperative findings associated with structural graft failure. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on all patients who underwent knee OCA transplantation and a subsequent procedure with graft visualization. At second look, grafts were classified using intraoperative imaging and operative reports as nonfailing or failing, with structural failure defined as grade 3 or 4 OCA degeneration (Outerbridge classification system) or moderate-to-severe (>2 mm) peripheral chondral delamination. The status of cartilage adjacent to the graft, including degeneration and delamination, was recorded. Patient characteristics, surgical factors, and graft and cartilage characteristics were evaluated for associations with functional outcomes and subsequent reconstruction (revision OCA, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, or total knee arthroplasty). Functional outcomes were assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee, the Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement, and the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey from index transplantation to the second-look procedure. Results: Of 1152 OCAs performed, 129 grafts (11.2%) from 127 patients underwent a subsequent procedure for symptomatic patellofemoral pathology that included a second-look evaluation at a mean of 2.20 ± 2.06 years. A total of 42 grafts (32.6%) were classified as demonstrating structural graft failure at a mean of 3.17 ± 2.17 years. Structural failure was attributed to graft degeneration (81%) and chondral delamination (21%). Significant cartilage damage adjacent to the OCA border was present in 13 nonfailing grafts (14.9%) and 17 failing grafts (40.5%). Concomitant procedures at index surgery were predictive of structural success (P =.0044), whereas patients with more previous procedures were more likely to experience structural failure (P =.0319). At a mean of 3.14 years from the index OCA, revision reconstruction was performed in 42.9% of patients with structural failure, compared with 9.2% without structural failure. Structural failure classification at second look was strongly correlated with clinical failure (P <.00001). Conclusion: Clinical failure after OCA transplantation appears to be multifactorial. Characterization of macroscopic graft morphology may help surgeons better define clinical and structural failure of OCA transplantation. Future study is required to evaluate the influence of adjacent cartilage and the factors associated with this finding.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        pictorial
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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