Enhancing a job exposure matrix with subject-specific information to assess combined exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene in a case-control study.

Objectives We modified an existing job-exposure matrix (CANJEM) to estimate the combined exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene, which are highly correlated (hereafter, BTX), and integrated subject-specific occupational information to assess BTX exposure for participants in a bladder cancer case-c...

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Publicado en:Annals of Work Exposures & Health Vol. 70; no. 3; pp. 1 - 14
Autores principales: Friesen, Melissa C, Xie, Shuai, Locke, Sarah J, Baris, Dalsu, Schwenn, Molly, Rothman, Nathaniel, Johnson, Alison, Karagas, Margaret R, Koutros, Stella, Silverman, Debra T
Formato: research tables/charts Journal Article
Publicado: Oxford University Press / USA Apr2026
Acceso en línea:Ver este registro en EBSCOhost
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      dt: Apr2026
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      pub: Oxford University Press / USA
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        atl: Enhancing a job exposure matrix with subject-specific information to assess combined exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene in a case-control study.
      aug:
        au:
          Friesen, Melissa C
          Xie, Shuai
          Locke, Sarah J
          Baris, Dalsu
          Schwenn, Molly
          Rothman, Nathaniel
          Johnson, Alison
          Karagas, Margaret R
          Koutros, Stella
          Silverman, Debra T
        affil: Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, MSC 9776, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
      sug:
        subj:
          Occupational Exposure Adverse Effects
          Toluene Analysis
          Benzene Derivatives Analysis
          Occupational Exposure Analysis
          Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Analysis
          Bladder Neoplasms
          Environmental Monitoring
          Risk Assessment
          Human
          Case Control Studies
          Funding Source
          Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient
          Descriptive Statistics
          Adult
          Middle Age
          Aged
          Male
          Female
          Adult: 19-44 years
          Middle Aged: 45-64 years
          Aged: 65+ years
          Male
          Female
      ab: Objectives We modified an existing job-exposure matrix (CANJEM) to estimate the combined exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene, which are highly correlated (hereafter, BTX), and integrated subject-specific occupational information to assess BTX exposure for participants in a bladder cancer case-control study. Methods We linked CANJEM to the lifetime occupational histories of subjects in a population-based case-control study of bladder cancer. We derived CANJEM-based estimates of the probability, intensity, and frequency of BTX exposure by assigning the highest rating observed among the benzene, toluene, and xylene CANJEM metrics. We used subject-specific exposure information in the occupational histories and exposure-oriented modules to refine the CANJEM-based BTX metrics when confirmatory exposure information was identified (hereafter, hybrid BTX metrics). We compared agreement between the CANJEM-based and hybrid BTX metrics at the job- and subject-level using kappa for the ordinal probability metrics and Spearman correlation for the continuous intensity and cumulative exposure metrics. Results The hybrid BTX approach increased 7% and decreased 5% of the CANJEM-based BTX probability ratings at the job-level and 16% and 7% at the subject-level, respectively. The CANJEM-based and hybrid BTX metrics identified 3.2% and 6.8% of the job records and 13% and 24% of the subjects as having a high probability of BTX exposure, respectively. The BTX-exposed subjects identified through the hybrid approach generally had lower cumulative exposures than those identified solely using CANJEM. CANJEM-based and hybrid BTX metrics had moderate agreement at the subject-level (probability: kappa = 0.62; cumulative metrics, Spearman correlation = 0.61). Conclusions Supplementing a JEM with subject-specific exposure information identified within-job exposure heterogeneity that was not captured by using only a JEM.
      pubtype: Academic Journal
      doctype:
        research
        tables/charts
        Journal Article
      ougenre: Article
    language: English
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