Reference values for lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, manganese, and tin in blood of the general adult population of Vietnam.
This study measured and provided reference values for blood concentrations of lead (B-Pb), cadmium (B-Cd), mercury (B-Hg), arsenic (B-As), manganese (B-Mn), and tin (B-Sn) in Vietnamese adults. The study population consisted of 1077 Vietnamese adults of working age (18–60 years) without occupational...
| Published in: | International Journal of Environmental Health Research Vol. 36; no. 5; pp. 775 - 788 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | research tables/charts Journal Article |
| Published: |
Taylor & Francis Ltd
May2026
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| Online Access: | View this record in EBSCOhost |
| fields | @attributes: recordID: 1 pdfLink: plink: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=193489425&site=ehost-live header: @attributes: shortDbName: ccm uiTerm: 193489425 longDbName: CINAHL Complete uiTag: AN controlInfo: bkinfo: dissinfo: jinfo: jid: 09603123 57L jtl: International Journal of Environmental Health Research issn: 09603123 maglogo: Y pubinfo: dt: May2026 vid: 36 iid: 5 pid: 377 pub: Taylor & Francis Ltd place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania artinfo: ui: 193489425 187181430 193489425 193489425 10.1080/09603123.2025.2542379 193489425 ppf: 775 ppct: 13 formats: fmt: – @attributes: type: T – @attributes: type: P tig: atl: Reference values for lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, manganese, and tin in blood of the general adult population of Vietnam. aug: au: Nguyen, Son Duc Nguyen, Van Thi Van Nguyen, Son Ta, Binh Thi Phuong Mai, Thao Thi Vu, Anh Phuong Khuat, Hai Ngoc Le, Hai Thanh Van Pham, Tuan Van Lo, Tung Phung, Thao Thi Pham, Van Thi Nguyen, Huyen Thi Dinh Nguyen, Trung Duc Vu, Loi Nguyen, NguyenTrung Hoang, Thao Thi Huong affil: National Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam sug: subj: Reference Values Lead Blood Cadmium Blood Mercury Blood Arsenic Blood Manganese Blood Metals Blood Vietnamese Persons In Adulthood Sociodemographic Factors Life Style Human Vietnam Funding Source Vietnam Male Female Adolescence Adult Middle Age Cross Sectional Studies Questionnaires Descriptive Statistics Data Analysis Software Confidence Intervals Analysis of Variance Specimen Handling Sex Factors Food Habits Alcohol Drinking Adolescent: 13-18 years Adult: 19-44 years Middle Aged: 45-64 years Male Female ab: This study measured and provided reference values for blood concentrations of lead (B-Pb), cadmium (B-Cd), mercury (B-Hg), arsenic (B-As), manganese (B-Mn), and tin (B-Sn) in Vietnamese adults. The study population consisted of 1077 Vietnamese adults of working age (18–60 years) without occupational exposure to heavy metals across all seven regions of Vietnam. The geometric mean, and 95th percentile of B-Pb was 23.52 µg/L, and 50.81 µg/L; of B-Cd was 0.72 µg/L, and 2.62 µg/L; of B-Hg was 4.61 µg/L, and 11.36 µg/L; of B-As was 2.95 µg/L, and 8.25 µg/L; of B-Mn was 15.24 µg/L, and 26.49 µg/L; of B-Sn was 11.29 µg/L, and 34.15 µg/L, respectively. Blood concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Mn, and Sn in Vietnamese adults fall within an intermediate to high range compared to other countries. Vietnamese men tend to have significantly higher B-Pb, B-Cd, B-Hg, and B-As than women. B-Pb, B-Cd, and B-Hg in Vietnamese adults increase with age. Male smokers were associated with higher B-Cd, B-Hg, and B-As. Frequent seafood consumption was associated with higher B-Mn, B-Hg, and B-As. Alcohol drinkers were associated with higher B-Pb, B-Cd, B-Hg, and B-As. However, wearing makeup was mostly not associated with blood metal levels in women. pubtype: Academic Journal doctype: research tables/charts Journal Article ougenre: Article language: English refInfo: holdings: @attributes: islocal: N |
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